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Este artículo versa sobre la construcción de políticas públicas migratorias en perspectiva pragmatista, constructivista e interaccionista. Se centra en el estudio y el análisis de la transformación del movimiento bracero —cuyo origen es la falta de pago de un fondo de retiro campesino— en un programa de atención social a ex trabajadores migratorios mexicanos (1942-1964). Plantea que las políticas públicas que se derivan de la movilización social pueden seranalizadas en tanto interacciones hechas de reclamos, traducción de éstos y constitución de coto de poder para su expresión política y moral, por medio de figuras sociales distintas, como víctimas, portadores, traductores y propietarios de “un problema”. En este sentido, el movimiento de los ex braceros constituye un ejemplo claro.

This history of Cold War-era migration policy compares two emblematic guestworker programs that recruited several million Mexican and Spanish migrants to labor in the United States and Germany. Proponents of the bilateral accords defended them as diplomatic achievements that secured contractual labor rights, improved foreign relations, and sent migrants home with savings and skills to achieve the diverse development goals of the sending states. The study traces the programs’ historical and ideological roots, juxtaposes the guestworkers’ experiences, and uses the cases of Mexican braceros and Spanish gastarbeiter to explore the contested nexus between migration and development.

From South Africa in the nineteenth century to Hong Kong today, nations around the world, including the United States, have turned to guestworker programs to manage migration. These temporary labor recruitment systems represented a state-brokered compromise between employers who wanted foreign workers and those who feared rising numbers of immigrants. Unlike immigrants, guestworkers couldn't settle, bring their families, or become citizens, and they had few rights. Indeed, instead of creating a manageable form of migration, guestworker programs created an especially vulnerable class of labor. Based on a vast array of sources from U.S., Jamaican, and English archives, as well as interviews,No Man's Landtells the history of the American \"H2\" program, the world's second oldest guestworker program. Since World War II, the H2 program has brought hundreds of thousands of mostly Jamaican men to the United States to do some of the nation's dirtiest and most dangerous farmwork for some of its biggest and most powerful agricultural corporations, companies that had the power to import and deport workers from abroad. Jamaican guestworkers occupied a no man's land between nations, protected neither by their home government nor by the United States. The workers complained, went on strike, and sued their employers in class action lawsuits, but their protests had little impact because they could be repatriated and replaced in a matter of hours. No Man's Landputs Jamaican guestworkers' experiences in the context of the global history of this fast-growing and perilous form of labor migration.

This article examines Operation Migratory Labor (O.M.L.), a cross-border collaboration between the Mexican and United States Catholic hierarchies, guided by Vatican authorities, from 1953-1964, which brought Mexican priests into the United States to tend to Bracero migrants and to protect them from Protestant missionization. Employing Vatican sources in tandem with Mexican documentation, this article demonstrates the geopolitical ramifications of this surge of migration in distinctively religious terms. O.M.L. heralded a new era of transnational migratory pastoral care and revealed how intertwined the institutional and pastoral concerns of the Mexican Catholic Hierarchy were during the 1940s and 1950s.

My relief print, Se Vende Hielo (We Sell Ice), approaches the complexities of the border . . . In the print the young man is handcuffed and being arrested. I was thinking that more than just an individual, he represents a whole culture being arrested.

In the early 1950s, California growers’ associations were gravely concerned about their heavy reliance on Mexico for guestworkers, given the potential end of the program. In order to maintain a controlled labor pool, California growers introduced a new guestworker model that could possibly supplant the Bracero Program. They placed pressure on government officials to approve the Japanese Agricultural Workers’ Program (JAWP). In an attempt to sanitize the program, growers’ discourses around the JAWP intersected with emerging visions of “model minorities” creating a “model bracero,” who was neither Mexican nor a traditional laborer in the eyes of growers. Additionally, growers often insisted these Japanese workers were “students” learning agricultural technology and U.S. democracy. In response to these varied diplomatic representations, activists, journalists, and communities sought to uncover what they saw as another form of racialized worker exploitation by calling attention to first-hand accounts of the Japanese guestworkers.

From 2005 to 2009 the National Museum of American History embarked on one of its most ambitious collecting projects, focused on documenting experiences around the Bracero Program, the largest guest worker program in American History. This article focuses on the dilemmas of documenting memory through oral history for the Bracero History Archive and the reception of the National Museum of American History’s exhibit, Bittersweet Harvest: The Bracero Program, 1942–1964. The present day political and social context in which these oral histories were collected left indelible marks on how the program is remembered. The retelling of bracero history also reveals contemporary concerns with the role that Mexican agricultural workers play in American society and sheds light on the national dilemma of immigration reform.

This chapter contains sections titled: Origins The 1920s and 1930s The Bracero Era 1964–1986 NAFTA and Nativism Bibliography

El Programa Bracero, creado por Estados Unidos y México en 1942 durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se mantuvo hasta 1964. Los estudios sobre este programa señalan la importancia de los intereses domésticos de Estados Unidos para explicar la longevidad del mismo. El presente artículo se enfoca en los factores estratégicos propios de la lógica de la Guerra Fría que intervinieron en la decisión de mantener o cancelar este programa bilateral de trabajo temporal agrícola. Mediante un examen atento sobre la época del auge y del declive del programa, se replantean estos debates dentro del contexto nacional, pero también bilateral y panamericano. The Bracero Program, created by the United States and Mexico during the Second World War, survived until 1964. Studies that look at this program generally signal the importance of domestic factors in the United States to explain its longevity. This article analyzes dynamics of Cold War logic that played a role in the decision of whether to maintain or cancel this bilateral program for migratory agricultural work. By carefully examining the rise and fall of the program, these debates are reconsidered within a national context, as well as one that is bilateral and Pan-American.

When Latino migration to the U.S. South became increasingly visible in the 1990s, observers and advocates grasped for ways to analyze \"new\" racial dramas in the absence of historical reference points. However, as this book is the first to comprehensively document, Mexicans and Mexican Americans have a long history of migration to the U.S. South. Corazon de Dixie recounts the untold histories of Mexicanos' migrations to New Orleans, Mississippi, Arkansas, Georgia, and North Carolina as far back as 1910. It follows Mexicanos into the heart of Dixie, where they navigated the Jim Crow system, cultivated community in the cotton fields, purposefully appealed for help to the Mexican government, shaped the southern conservative imagination in the wake of the civil rights movement, and embraced their own version of suburban living at the turn of the twenty-first century. Rooted in U.S. and Mexican archival research, oral history interviews, and family photographs, Corazon de Dixie unearths not just the facts of Mexicanos' long-standing presence in the U.S. South but also their own expectations, strategies, and dreams.