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"Braille"
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Characterization of English Braille Patterns Using Automated Tools and RICA Based Feature Extraction Methods
Braille is used as a mode of communication all over the world. Technological advancements are transforming the way Braille is read and written. This study developed an English Braille pattern identification system using robust machine learning techniques using the English Braille Grade-1 dataset. English Braille Grade-1 dataset was collected using a touchscreen device from visually impaired students of the National Special Education School Muzaffarabad. For better visualization, the dataset was divided into two classes as class 1 (1–13) (a–m) and class 2 (14–26) (n–z) using 26 Braille English characters. A position-free braille text entry method was used to generate synthetic data. N = 2512 cases were included in the final dataset. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Trees (DT) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) with Reconstruction Independent Component Analysis (RICA) and PCA-based feature extraction methods were used for Braille to English character recognition. Compared to PCA, Random Forest (RF) algorithm and Sequential methods, better results were achieved using the RICA-based feature extraction method. The evaluation metrics used were the True Positive Rate (TPR), True Negative Rate (TNR), Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), False Positive Rate (FPR), Total Accuracy, Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve (AUC) and F1-Score. A statistical test was also performed to justify the significance of the results.
Journal Article
Who was Louis Braille?
Examines the life and times of the nineteenth-century Frenchman who developed the system of raised dots by which blind people read and write.
Book
Haptics visualisation of scientific data for visually impaired users
Visualisations of numerical data often used in science, engineering and mathematics are not easily accessible to visually impaired students. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a multimodal system to present graphical data in real-time to those students. Haptic interfaces form the primary interaction, along with auditory feedback allowing graphs to be perceived through touch, sounds and speech. The results show that the system can be used to quickly and accurately obtain information from a graph. It has been demonstrated that haptic devices can be successfully used to allow access to line graph data.
Journal Article
A bioinspired flexible organic artificial afferent nerve
Sensory (or afferent) nerves bring sensations of touch, pain, or temperature variation to the central nervous system and brain. Using the tools and materials of organic electronics, Kim et al. combined a pressure sensor, a ring oscillator, and an ion gel–gated transistor to form an artificial mechanoreceptor (see the Perspective by Bartolozzi). The combination allows for the sensing of multiple pressure inputs, which can be converted into a sensor signal and used to drive the motion of a cockroach leg in an oscillatory pattern. Science , this issue p. 998 ; see also p. 966 Organic flexible electronics mimic the functions of a biological afferent nerve and actuate muscles. The distributed network of receptors, neurons, and synapses in the somatosensory system efficiently processes complex tactile information. We used flexible organic electronics to mimic the functions of a sensory nerve. Our artificial afferent nerve collects pressure information (1 to 80 kilopascals) from clusters of pressure sensors, converts the pressure information into action potentials (0 to 100 hertz) by using ring oscillators, and integrates the action potentials from multiple ring oscillators with a synaptic transistor. Biomimetic hierarchical structures can detect movement of an object, combine simultaneous pressure inputs, and distinguish braille characters. Furthermore, we connected our artificial afferent nerve to motor nerves to construct a hybrid bioelectronic reflex arc to actuate muscles. Our system has potential applications in neurorobotics and neuroprosthetics.
Journal Article
Design and Build Special Learning Media: Electrical Circuit Kits For Visually Impaired Students
Students with disabilities who are visually impaired have difficulty understanding the concepts of electrical circuits due to the limited visualization that can be applied during the learning process. Therefore, specialized learning materials must be designed to accommodate the needs and learning styles of visually impaired students to make electrical circuit concepts easier to understand. This study discusses the results of research on an adaptive tool for visually impaired students, namely an Electrical Circuit Kit equipped with tactile Braille and audio features containing educational recordings about electrical circuits. This research was conducted on visually impaired students at SLB-A upper secondary level. This research is an R&D study using the 4-D development model: Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. Based on expert evaluation, the Electrical Circuit Kit equipped with tactile and audio features has very good quality, scoring 97% of the ideal score. Meanwhile, the evaluation by experts in inclusive learning media indicates that the learning media of the Electrical Circuit Kit has very good quality, with a percentage of 95% of the ideal score. This study recommends that visually impaired students utilize innovative and adaptive tools such as the Electrical Circuit Kit, which is designed to accommodate their specific needs, to facilitate their understanding and provide a practical visualization of electrical circuit concepts.
Journal Article
Towards Tangible Vision for the Visually Impaired through 2D Multiarray Braille Display
This paper presents two methodologies for delivering multimedia content to visually impaired people with the use of a haptic device and braille display. Based on our previous research, the research using Kinect v2 and haptic device with 2D+ (RGB frame with depth) data has the limitations of slower operational speed while reconstructing object details. Thus, this study focuses on the development of 2D multiarray braille display using an electronic book translator application because of its accuracy and high speed. This approach provides mobility and uses 2D multiarray braille display to represent media content contour more efficiently. In conclusion, this study achieves the representation of considerably massive text content compared to previous 1D braille displays. Besides, it also represents illustrations and figures to braille displays through quantization and binarization.
Journal Article