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Social Brain Perspectives on the Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience of Human Language
Human language and social cognition are two key disciplines that have traditionally been studied as separate domains. Nonetheless, an emerging view suggests an alternative perspective. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of the social brain hypothesis (thesis of the evolution of brain size and intelligence), the social complexity hypothesis (thesis of the evolution of communication), and empirical research from comparative animal behavior, human social behavior, language acquisition in children, social cognitive neuroscience, and the cognitive neuroscience of language, it is argued that social cognition and language are two significantly interconnected capacities of the human species. Here, evidence in support of this view reviews (1) recent developmental studies on language learning in infants and young children, pointing to the important crucial benefits associated with social stimulation for youngsters, including the quality and quantity of incoming linguistic information, dyadic infant/child-to-parent non-verbal and verbal interactions, and other important social cues integral for facilitating language learning and social bonding; (2) studies of the adult human brain, suggesting a high degree of specialization for sociolinguistic information processing, memory retrieval, and comprehension, suggesting that the function of these neural areas may connect social cognition with language and social bonding; (3) developmental deficits in language and social cognition, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), illustrating a unique developmental profile, further linking language, social cognition, and social bonding; and (4) neural biomarkers that may help to identify early developmental disorders of language and social cognition. In effect, the social brain and social complexity hypotheses may jointly help to describe how neurotypical children and adults acquire language, why autistic children and adults exhibit simultaneous deficits in language and social cognition, and why nonhuman primates and other organisms with significant computational capacities cannot learn language. But perhaps most critically, the following article argues that this and related research will allow scientists to generate a holistic profile and deeper understanding of the healthy adult social brain while developing more innovative and effective diagnoses, prognoses, and treatments for maladies and deficits also associated with the social brain.
Journal Article
Talking heads : the neuroscience of language
\"The origin, development, and nature of language has been the focus of theoretical debate among philosophers for many centuries. Following the discovery 150 years ago that language is a biological system, an increasing number of neuroscientists began to search for its anatomical basis and its links with other such systems. The relatively recent introduction of neuroimaging tools, such as PET and MRI, has brought rapid and groundbreaking developments to the field of Neurolinguistics. In this book, Denes and Smith harness these advances to adopt a biolinguistic approach to the study of a subject that increasingly sees the collaboration of linguists, experimental psychologists, neuroscientists and clinicians. Following an up-to-date description of acquired language disorders, and their contribution to the design of a functional architecture of language, the book illustrates the neurological process involved in the production of written language, as well as investigating the neurological systems responsible for sign language production and second language acquisition. Talking Heads reviews the latest research on the nature, structure and origin of language to provide a concise analysis of the multifaceted aspects of language which focuses both on theoretical aspects and physical implementation. With a glossary of the anatomical and linguistic terms, this book provides an invaluable resource to undergraduate and graduate students of Psychology, Psycholinguistics and Linguistics. It will also be of interest to neurologists, speech therapists and anyone interested in the mind-brain problem\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Commonality of neural representations of sentences across languages: Predicting brain activation during Portuguese sentence comprehension using an English-based model of brain function
The aim of the study was to test the cross-language generative capability of a model that predicts neural activation patterns evoked by sentence reading, based on a semantic characterization of the sentence. In a previous study on English monolingual speakers (Wang et al., submitted), a computational model performed a mapping from a set of 42 concept-level semantic features (Neurally Plausible Semantic Features, NPSFs) as well as 6 thematic role markers to neural activation patterns (assessed with fMRI), to predict activation levels in a network of brain locations. The model used two types of information gained from the English-based fMRI data to predict the activation for individual sentences in Portuguese. First, it used the mapping weights from NPSFs to voxel activation levels derived from the model for English reading. Second, the brain locations for which the activation levels were predicted were derived from a factor analysis of the brain activation patterns during English reading. These meta-language locations were defined by the clusters of voxels with high loadings on each of the four main dimensions (factors), namely people, places, actions and feelings, underlying the neural representations of the stimulus sentences.
This cross-language model succeeded in predicting the brain activation patterns associated with the reading of 60 individual Portuguese sentences that were entirely new to the model, attaining accuracies reliably above chance level. The prediction accuracy was not affected by whether the Portuguese speaker was monolingual or Portuguese-English bilingual. The model's confusion errors indicated an accurate capture of the events or states described in the sentence at a conceptual level. Overall, the cross-language predictive capability of the model demonstrates the neural commonality between speakers of different languages in the representations of everyday events and states, and provides an initial characterization of the common meta-language neural basis.
•An English-based model predicted the fMRI patterns for Portuguese sentences.•A cross-language model predicted both monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ activation.•Sentences from two languages were decodable from the same set of 38 brain locations.
Journal Article
Language, communication, and your brain
\"Language is a powerful tool that humans have developed and advanced far more than any other species. The key to utilizing this tool lies in our mental power. What does the brain do to help us learn and use language? What must happen in our minds so that we communicate effectively? \"--Publisher.
Book
Methodology for creating and validating object naming and semantic tests used by Verst-Maldaun Language Assessment during awake craniotomies
•It is the first Portuguese speakers native Brazilians language test validation directed to awake craniotomies. It was adjusted error rate according to age, gender and educational level.•Step by step description, so teaching other groups how to develop their own assays. It brings innovation in robust statistical methodology.•It covers the areas of object naming and semantics (with 2 separate tests).•It will be made available free of charge for worldwide access: vemotests.com (starting February, 2021).
Verst-Maldaun Language Assessment (VMLA) is a new intraoperative neuropsychological test (NT) within our local culture, e.g., native Portuguese speaking Brazilians. It aims to fill the specific need of an objective and dynamic approach for assessing the language network during awake craniotomies. The test includes object naming (ON) and semantic functions.
This paper describes the process of validation, allowing for other centers to create their own language assessment.
The validation process included 248 volunteers and the results were associated with age, gender and educational level (EL). The factor with the greatest impact was EL, followed by age. Intraoperative image learning by repetition is unlikely, since it is composed of 388 items and 70 combinations.
The test will be available for free use under http://www.vemotests.com/ (beginning in February 2021).
Journal Article
A brain for speech : a view from evolutionary neuroanatomy
This book discusses evolution of the human brain, the origin of speech and language. It covers past and present perspectives on the contentious issue of the acquisition of the language capacity. Divided into two parts, this insightful work covers several characteristics of the human brain including the language-specific network, the size of the human brain, its lateralization of functions and interhemispheric integration, in particular the phonological loop. Aboitiz argues that it is the phonological loop that allowed us to increase our vocal memory capacity and to generate a shared semantic space that gave rise to modern language. The second part examines the neuroanatomy of the monkey brain, vocal learning birds like parrots, emergent evidence of vocal learning capacities in mammals, mirror neurons, and the ecological and social context in which speech evolved in our early ancestors. This book's interdisciplinary topic will appeal to scholars of psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, biology and history -- Back cover.
Book
The Simulative Role of Neural Language Models in Brain Language Processing
This paper provides an epistemological and methodological analysis of the recent practice of using neural language models to simulate brain language processing. It is argued that, on the one hand, this practice can be understood as an instance of the traditional simulative method in artificial intelligence, following a mechanistic understanding of the mind; on the other hand, that it modifies the simulative method significantly. Firstly, neural language models are introduced; a study case showing how neural language models are being applied in cognitive neuroscience for simulative purposes is then presented; after recalling the main epistemological features of the simulative method in artificial intelligence, it is finally highlighted how the epistemic opacity of neural language models is tackled by using the brain itself to simulate the neural language model and to test hypotheses about it, in what is called here a co-simulation.
Journal Article
Functional magnetic resonance imaging based on Chinese tasks to protect language function in epileptics
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on Chinese tasks to protect the language function in epileptics. Materials and Methods A total of 34 native Chinese patients with epilepsy were enrolled and examined with BOLD‐fMRI scan based on six Chinese tasks. The epileptics were randomly divided into the control group (n = 15) and the experimental group (n = 19). The control group underwent the hollowing and multiple subpial transection operation only based on intraoperative EEG, while the experimental group was under notification of task‐state fMRI results in addition. Whereafter, the language ability of patients was evaluated by ABC assessment. Results The brain regions related to Chinese function activated by different tasks were remarkably distinct and mainly concentrated in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe. In ontoanalysis, the activation signals of the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and precentral gyrus were generally low or even could not be detected. Unlike ontoanalysis, group analysis showed that the main effect regions of AN and PN task were in right superior temporal gyrus. The main effect regions of FF and VFC task were in right middle temporal gyrus. The main effect region of SF task was in left superior temporal gyrus. The main effect region of VFL task was in right middle frontal gyrus. The ABC assessment score of the control group 6 months after surgery was significantly lower than that 1 week before surgery (p < .05), while there was no significant difference in the experimental group, and the score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Conclusion In the surgical treatment of epilepsy, a personalized surgical plan, based on task‐state fMRI and intraoperative EEG, can be developed according to the difference of activation areas to protect the language function and improve the quality of life in postoperative patients. A total of 34 native Chinese epileptics were enrolled and examined with BOLD‐fMRI scan based on six Chinese tasks. The epileptics were divided into the control group (n = 15) and the experimental group (n = 19). The control group underwent the hollowing and multiple subpial transection operation only based on intraoperative EEG, while the experimental group was under notification of task‐state fMRI results in addition. Whereafter, the language ability of patients was evaluated by ABC assessment. The results showed the activated brain regions could be detected by task‐state fMRI, which were mainly concentrated in temporal lobe and frontal lobe, and the language function of patients was better protected after operation. In the surgical treatment of epilepsy, a personalized surgical plan, based on Chinese language task‐state fMRI and intraoperative EEG, can be developed according to the difference of activation areas to protect the language function and improve the quality of life in postoperative patients.
Journal Article