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Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil
Doña Marina (La Malinche) ...Pocahontas ...Sacagawea-their names live on in historical memory because these women bridged the indigenous American and European worlds, opening the way for the cultural encounters, collisions, and fusions that shaped the social and even physical landscape of the modern Americas. But these famous individuals were only a few of the many thousands of people who, intentionally or otherwise, served as \"go-betweens\" as Europeans explored and colonized the New World.
In this innovative history, Alida Metcalf thoroughly investigates the many roles played by go-betweens in the colonization of sixteenth-century Brazil. She finds that many individuals created physical links among Europe, Africa, and Brazil-explorers, traders, settlers, and slaves circulated goods, plants, animals, and diseases. Intercultural liaisons produced mixed-race children. At the cultural level, Jesuit priests and African slaves infused native Brazilian traditions with their own religious practices, while translators became influential go-betweens, negotiating the terms of trade, interaction, and exchange. Most powerful of all, as Metcalf shows, were those go-betweens who interpreted or represented new lands and peoples through writings, maps, religion, and the oral tradition. Metcalf's convincing demonstration that colonization is always mediated by third parties has relevance far beyond the Brazilian case, even as it opens a revealing new window on the first century of Brazilian history.
eBook
The Ecology of Power
In 1884 a community of Brazilians was \"discovered\" by the Western world. The Ecology of Power examines these indigenous people from the Upper Xingu region, a group who even today are one of the strongest examples of long-term cultural continuity. Drawing upon written and oral history, ethnography, and archaeology, Heckenberger addresses the difficult issues facing anthropologists today as they \"uncover\" the muted voices of indigenous peoples and provides a fascinating portrait of a unique community of people who have in a way become living cultural artifacts.
Michael Heckenberger is Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida--Gainesville. He has recieved numerous research grants and is principal investigator in the Southern Amazon Ethno-archaeological Project. He is co-author of the forthcoming Archaeology of the Amazon (Cambridge University Press).
eBook
Brazil and the Dialectic of Colonization
A classic of Brazilian literary criticism and historiography, Brazil and the Dialectic of Colonization explores the unique character of Brazil from its colonial beginnings to its emergence as a modern nation. This translation presents the thought of Alfredo Bosi, one of contemporary Brazil's leading intellectuals, to an English-speaking audience.
Portugal extracted wealth from its Brazilian colony. Slaves--first indigenous peoples, later Africans--mined its ore and cut its sugarcane. From the customs of the colonists and the aspirations of the enslaved rose Brazil. Bosi scrutinizes signal points in the creation of Brazilian culture--the plays and poetry, the sermons of missionaries and Jesuit priests, the Indian novels of José de Alencar and the Voices of Africa of poet Castro Alves. His portrait of the country's response to the pressures of colonial conformity offers a groundbreaking appraisal of Brazilian culture as it emerged from the tensions between imposed colonial control and the African and Amerindian cults--including the Catholic-influenced ones--that resisted it.
eBook
Native Brazil : beyond the convert and the cannibal, 1500-1900
The earliest European accounts of Brazil’s indigenous inhabitants focused on the natives’ startling appearance and conduct—especially their nakedness and cannibalistic rituals—and on the process of converting them to clothed, docile Christian vassals. This volume contributes to the unfinished task of moving beyond such polarities and dispelling the stereotypes they fostered, which have impeded scholars’ ability to make sense of Brazil’s rich indigenous past.
This volume is a significant contribution to understanding the ways Brazil’s native peoples shaped their own histories. Incorporating the tools of anthropology, geography, cultural studies, and literary analysis, alongside those of history, the contributors revisit old sources and uncover new ones. They examine the Indians’ first encounters with Portuguese explorers and missionaries and pursue the consequences through four centuries. Some of the peoples they investigate were ultimately defeated and displaced by the implacable advance of settlement. Many individuals died from epidemics, frontier massacres, and forced labor. Hundreds of groups eventually disappeared as distinct entities. Yet many others found ways to prolong their independent existence or to enter colonial and later national society, making constrained but pivotal choices along the way.
eBook
Essayism and Sociology in Brazil: Notes on Colonization, Slavery and Nation
This paper discusses the Brazilian essayism of the first decades of the twentieth Century by identifying the key topics, and issues around which an authentically sociological imaginative horizon gradually has been built in Brazil. We argue that the issue of colonization, slavery, and the large-scale rural ownership constituted the ways which Sociology systematicity in Brazil by defining a common repertoire of concepts, categories and, methods. The arguments are developed in the following sequence: a) the analytic place of essayism in Brazilian social thought; b) the analysis of the theoretical proposals and, interpretative results achieved by three emblematic authors of the period – Gilberto Freyre (1900–1987), SergioBuarque de Holanda (1902–1982) and, Caio Prado Júnior (1907–1990). More than that, we draw the historicity of their ideas and, highlight some theoretical convergences and, divergences among them; c) the reach and, limits of these interpretations on Brazil considering their present-day relevance.
Journal Article
Global White Supremacy
Knowledge is more expansive than the boundaries of the Western university model and its claim to be the dominant-or only-rigorous house of knowledge. In the former colonies of Europe (e.g., South Africa, Brazil, and Oceania), the curriculum, statues, architectures, and other aspects of the university demonstrate the way in which it is a fixture in empire maintenance. The trajectory of global White supremacy is deeply historical and contemporary-it is a global, transnational, and imperial phenomenon. White supremacy is sustained through the construction of inferiority and anti-Blackness. The context, history, and perspective offered by Collins, Newman, and Jun should serve as an introduction to the disruption of the ways in which university and academic dispositions have and continue to serve as sites of colonial and White supremacist preservation-as well as sites of resistance.
eBook
O poder de domar do fraco: construção de autoridade pública e técnicas de poder tutelar nas políticas de imigração e colonização do Serviço de Povoamento do Solo Nacional, do Brasil
Neste artigo examino ações e representações desenvolvidas pelos agentes do Serviço do Povoamento do Solo Nacional, do Brasil, procurando sublinhar o papel que as políticas de imigração e colonização ocupam no interior de processos mais amplos de formação de estados nacionais. Para isso, mostrarei como as técnicas de poder envolvidas na execução destas políticas desempenham um papel na construção de autoridade pública. Parto aqui de uma démarche antropológica segundo a qual as políticas públicas devem ser concebidas não como mera aplicação de projetos por meio de estruturas preexistentes, mas como locus de construção dessas estruturas e, conseqüentemente, de autoridade pública. Trata-se de uma leitura que põe acento no modo como os mecanismos de administração são estruturados por meio da construção dos objetos das políticas públicas, pelo recrutamento dos agentes sociais que as conduzem, e pela constituição das redes de interação social por meio das quais essas políticas circulam.This article examines the acts and the representations developed by agents of the National Soil Populating Service (Serviço do Povoamento do Solo Nacional). The emphasis is on the important role that immigration and colonization policies have amid larger processes of construction of national states. I will thus show how the power techniques involved in the execution of these policies have an important role in the construction of public authority. The analysis here presented parts from an anthropological demarche, which states that public policies must not be conceived as merely the application of projects by pre-existing structures, but rather as the place where these structures are built and, therefore, as the place where public authority is construed. This interpretation stresses the way that administration mechanisms are structured by means of the construction of public policy’s objects, by means of the social agents that execute the public policies, and by means of the construction of social interaction networks through which these public policies circulate.
Journal Article
A stochastic model for estimating human carrying capacity in Brazil's Transamazon Highway colonization area
Human carrying capacity for tropical agricultural populations can be estimated with a computer simulation of the agroecosystem. A stochastic model is developed for estimating carrying capacity in one of the government-directed small farmer settlement projects along Brazil's Transamazon Highway. Carrying capacity is operationally defined in terms of an empirically computed relationship between population density and probability of colonist failure with respect to various criteria. When high population density leads failure probability to exceed a maximum acceptable level, population can be considered to be above carrying capacity. Colonist failure probabilities are those that are sustainable over a long period of simulated years. High variability in crop yields appears to have a strong effect on failure probability based on comparison of deterministic and stochastic runs of the simulations. Failure probabilities are raised by variability at low population densities, but are lowered at extremely high densities where most colonists would fail in an \"average\" year. Effects can be tested for colonists with different backgrounds or with differing agricultural practices such as fallow times. Failure probabilities in standard runs are higher than those considered acceptable to government planners at all population densities simulated in the present study's stochastic runs (lowest density 24 persons/km2), thus lending support to the informal impression of many that the carrying capacity of most of Amazonia's uplands is low.
Journal Article