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"Breathing apparatus."
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Respiratory protection against hazardous biological agents
\"The fear and threats of biological airborne hazards are a global danger throughout the world today. This text looks at the individual protection where workers might be exposed to harmful bioaerosols and ways to improve safety with good workplaces practices and protective devices. The book is ideal for the health and safety professional and respiratory experts in the field. It provides practical examples and studies on microbial growth on the respiratory protective equipment that are crucial for issues related to respiratory hazards in the workplace\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A study of in-shoe plantar pressure distribution while firefighters carrying self-contained breathing apparatus in walking and running
Walking and running with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are the most common activities among firefighters, but the effect of SCBA carriage on the plantar pressure distribution remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to analyze plantar pressure distribution while carrying SCBA during walking and running.
Thirty volunteer firefighters participated in the walking and running tasks with no SCBA equipped and SCBA carrying conditions. Data of plantar pressure parameters, including peak pressures and pressure–time integrals, were recorded by Pedar-X in-shoe system in participants’ walking and running processes. Also, the pressures in each region during gait cycle were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05).
Peak pressures in all regions except for the great toe and medial metatarsal regions were higher in the SCBA carrying condition than in the no SCBA equipped condition. Running with SCBA reduced peak pressures in the midfoot region, while increasing peak pressures and pressure–time integrals in the toe, metatarsal, and heel regions compared to walking with SCBA. In addition, compared to the no SCBA equipped, the maximum peak pressure shifted from the great toes to the lateral toes in the toe region, from the medial metatarsal to the lateral metatarsal in the metatarsal region, and from the lateral arch to the medial arch in the midfoot region when carrying SCBA. The results provide an initial baseline for the development of firefighting boots aiming to increase comfort and performance during activities.
Journal Article
Nanoaerosols, air filtering and respiratory protection : science and practice
\"Respiratory protective devices (RPD) are widely used for air pollution in the work environment and in everyday life. In various workplaces, RPDs serve to protect against chemical hazards occurring in many branches of industry, such as construction, mining, agriculture, shipbuilding, food, chemical and pharmaceutical. In everyday life, they are used for environmental and indoor pollutants. Cases of lung cancer have increased from air pollution. This book provides the essential lifesaving knowledge for choosing the proper respiratory equipment for the prevention against the nanoparticles. Ideal for safety engineers and the health and safety professionals in the field\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Dynamics of pH at Santa Catalina Island
The local expression of ocean acidification may depend on local oceanographic features in addition to global forcings. Our objective is to provide a baseline of pH behavior at Santa Catalina Island, situated within the unique oceanographic characteristics of the Southern California Bight, and to gain insight into ocean acidification at the island. Measurements of the upper water column (to 30-m depth) of pH, temperature, conductivity, chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen at Santa Catalina were made from a fixed mooring and by profiling the water column from a boat and on Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA). The average pH (8.095 at 18-m depth) was found to be higher than that reported off the nearby mainland and the Northern Channel Islands. The higher value is thought to result from both downwelling produced by internal waves as well as less upwelling at the island compared to other locations. Large modulations in pH at depth corresponded to advection of gradients by internal waves. Within the accuracy of the sensors there was no seasonal dependence detected at near-surface, nor a pH signal associated with the sub-surface chlorophyll and oxygen maxima. We conclude that marine life living at depths affected by internal waves experience significant variation in pH.
Journal Article
Estimation of Underwater Workable Time Considering Tidal Currents: A Review of Diving Equipment
Kim, M.; Song, M.; Park, J.; Kim, S., and Lee, W.-D., 2023. Estimation of underwater workable time considering tidal currents: A review of diving equipment. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 433-437. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Tidal currents generated by celestial motions significantly affect the performance of diving equipment and the activity of underwater workers. In this study, seawater flows surrounding the Korean Peninsula were simulated using ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model to calculate the underwater working time considering the effect of tidal currents. The time for which Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Surface-Supplied Diving System (SSDS) can be used was calculated by estimating the tidal currents at the sinking site of the Sewol ferry based on the US Navy Diving Manual. The average usable time of SSDS in underwater operations was 1.6 times that of SCUBA, the minimum value was 1.28 times greater in the spring tide, and the maximum value was 1.93 times greater in the neap tide. Thus, a field supervisor with professional knowledge of the maritime environment is essential for planning, supervising, and conducting underwater operations safely and efficiently.
Journal Article
Ideas and perspectives: Ushering the Indian Ocean into the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (UNDOSSD) through marine ecosystem research and operational services – an early career's take
The Indian Ocean Rim hosts many of the world's underdeveloped and emerging
economies that depend on the ocean resources for the livelihoods of the
populations of millions. Operational ocean information services
cater to the requirements of managers and end-users to efficiently harness
those resources and to ensure safety. Fishery information is not the only
operational service that will be needed to empower such communities in the
coming decades. Coral bleaching alerts, SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)-assisting advisories, conservation or ecotourism assisting services (e.g. TurtleWatch or WhaleWatch),
poaching and/or by-catch reduction support and jellyfish, micro-plastic and oil spill watching to name a few, but not an exhaustive list, of the services that are needed operationally. This paper outlines the existing tools and explores the ongoing research that has potential to convert the findings into operational services in near- to midterm.
Journal Article
Using distance sampling to estimate densities of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in early-stage invasions
Estimating the density and distribution of invasive populations is critical for management and control efforts but can be a challenge in nascent infestations when population densities are low. Statistically-valid sampling designs that account for imperfect detection of individuals are needed to estimate densities across time and space. Survey methods that yield reliable estimates allow managers to determine how invader biomass affects ecosystem services and evaluate population trends and effectiveness of control measures. We investigated the use of distance sampling via self-contained underwater breathing apparatus divers to determine densities of invasive Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in 2 recently-invaded lakes in central Minnesota. This framework allows divers to cover the large areas necessary in low-density, recent infestations. We estimated that a diver could detect between 5 and 41% of the mussels present in the surveyed area, depending on the specific diver and on whether the lake bottom was vegetated. Presence of vegetation had a greater influence on detection probability than diver identity. We also found our sampling design did not meet a key assumption of conventional distance sampling: that detection along the transect line is perfect. Therefore, accurate density estimates required a double-observer approach. These results highlight the importance of accounting for detectability when comparing estimates over time or across lakes, particularly when different observers conduct surveys. However, further evaluation is needed to determine if changes in field sampling techniques can meet the assumptions behind conventional distance sampling for freshwater mussels. We also suggest that the efficiency of distance sampling should be compared to alternatives such as quadrat sampling across a range of mussel densities.
Journal Article
Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) Movement Behavior toward Diver in Banda Waters, Maluku
Shark diving tourism opens opportunities to study shark behavior towards diver. As one of the popular attractions for the marine tourism in Indonesia, shark diving play significant role for the conservation in the eastern part of Indonesia. Banda Sea, as well as Morotai, Derawan, Raja Ampat, Nabire and Teluk Cenderawasih, Bali, Lombok, Komodo, and Gorontalo, is famous for its shark diving attraction. Despite its famous status as a tourism attraction, little is known about the behavior of scalloped hammerhead shark during the interaction with Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diver. The information of scalloped hammerhead shark movement behavior during interaction with SCUBA diver is important for developing ecological assessment, safe diving practice, and shark tourism carrying capacity. This research involves DOV (Diver Operated Video) to record the movement patterns of shark while interacting with SCUBA Diver. Evaluation of approximately 457 photos and 32 videos of the
Sphyrna lewini
during 14 days of observations has been analyzed during SCUBA diving shows the most common shark agonistic display: pectoral fins depression - apart from other displays such as tail slapping, flank displaying, charging, snout raise, and jaw gapping. It also reveals three (3) new shark agonistic postures which were never been recorded previously: charging, snout raise, and jaw gapping. This study showed that there are consistent behaviors observed while meeting with SCUBA divers and this may be beneficial for development of safety diving management, as well as conservation efforts.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus: An Observational Study on Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Respiratory Risks
Background: An effective risk assessment and management methodology is essential to minimize/mitigate health risks associated with firefighting activities. The use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is mandatory during structure fires to protect firefighters from hazardous fire effluents, yet the protectiveness of the SCBA system has rarely been evaluated. Objective: This study characterizes, for the first time, the levels of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) inside the SCBA facemask, during 7 structure-firefighting exercises and estimates associated respiratory risks. Methods: Cotton disk samples were collected via passive air sampling and analyzed using liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV–Vis detection. Results: Levels of total PAHs (∑PAHs: 9.17–29.6 ng/m3) and ∑PAHscarcinogenic (0.41–5.73 ng/m3) were below the occupational limits defined by governmental agencies. The low-molecular-weight PAHs were predominant (79.5–91.4%), and the (possible/known) carcinogenic naphthalene (0.26–2.00 ng/m3), anthracene (0.088–0.31 ng/m3), chrysene (0.046–0.39 ng/m3), benzo(b+j)fluoranthene (0.18–0.40 ng/m3), and benzo(a)pyrene (0.041–0.18 ng/m3) were detected in all samples. The respiratory health risk analysis demonstrated negligible risks associated with the inhalation of PAHs. A health principal component analysis could identify firefighters at increased respiratory risk. Conclusions: The effectiveness of SCBA was demonstrated, reinforcing the need to ensure its correct use during all the phases of structure fires, including during overhaul.
Journal Article
Evaluation of Air Quality inside Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Used by Firefighters
(1) Background: When a fire breaks out, combustibles are burned and toxic substances such as carbon monoxide (CO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzene, and hydrogen cyanide are produced. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the air quality inside self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) by comparing it to that in the environment where the SCBA charger is installed. (2) Methods: The design of this study was a simulation-based case-control experiment study, and the experiment was conducted at two fire stations located on land and on water. When charging the SCBA, it was differentiated according to the presence or absence of exposure to harmful substances and the degree of exposure. The air quality inside the SCBA in the charging room installed in the fire station garages located on land and in the water, which were not completely isolated from harmful substances, was evaluated. CO, carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and oil mist were measured and analyzed to determine the air quality inside the SCBA. (3) Results: In the case of land firefighting stations, the mean CO among the SCBA internal air quality items was 20 times higher than the outside the SCBA, and higher than the safe range in the group with the highest exposure at the sites of firefighting buildings completely isolated from hazardous substances. The CO levels of all items of water were analyzed to be higher than the safe range in the floating fire station. (4) Conclusions: It was confirmed that the installation environment of an SCBA charging room can affect the safety of the charged internal air quality components. The results of this study can be actively used for the operation and management of SCBA charging room environments when building firefighting buildings in the future for the hygiene, safety, and health of firefighters.
Journal Article