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Personal tales of perseverance and beer making from the founder of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Beyond the Pale chronicles Ken Grossman's journey from hobbyist homebrewer to owner of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co., one of the most successful craft breweries in the United States. From youthful adventures to pioneering craft brewer, Ken Grossman shares the trials and tribulations of building a brewery that produces more than 800,000 barrels of beer a year while maintaining its commitment to using the finest ingredients available. Since Grossman founded Sierra Nevada in 1980, part of a growing beer revolution in America, critics have proclaimed his beer to be \"among the best brewed anywhere in the world.\" Beyond the Pale describes Grossman's unique approach to making and distributing one of America's best-loved brands of beer, while focusing on people, the planet and the product Explores the \"Sierra Nevada way,\" as exemplified by founder Ken Grossman, which includes an emphasis on sustainability, nonconformity, following one's passion, and doing things the right way Details Grossman's start, home-brewing five-gallon batches of beer on his own, becoming a proficient home brewer, and later, building a small brewery in the town of Chico, California Beyond the Pale shows how with hard work, dedication, and focus, you can be successful following your dream.

The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) eruption on 15 January 2022 was one of the most explosive volcanic events of the 21st century so far. According to satellite‐based measurements, 0.4 Tg of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was injected into the stratosphere during the eruption. By using observations and model simulations, here we investigate changes in the chemical compositions of the stratosphere 1 year after the HTHH eruption and examine the key physical and chemical processes that influence the ozone (O3) concentrations. Injected SO2 was oxidized into sulfate during the first 2 months, and transported from the tropics to the Antarctic by the Brewer‐Dobson circulation within 1 year. In mid‐to‐low latitudes, enhanced sulfate aerosol increased O3 concentrations in the middle stratosphere but declined in the lower stratosphere. In addition to the chemical processes, sulfate aerosols also reduced polar low‐stratospheric O3 concentrations through enhanced Antarctic upwelling anomalies. Plain Language Summary The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) eruption on 15 January 2022 was one of the most explosive volcanic eruptions of the 21st century and has attracted global attention. Volcanic ash and gases entering the atmosphere could affect weather and climate processes. Recent studies have largely explored the effects on global warming of HTHH eruption, and have founded that its climate impact is not very strong. However, its impacts on ozone (O3) remains unclear. We used observations and models to analyze how HTHH eruption could influence O3. It confirms that stratospheric O3 can be affected when volcano‐induced aerosols are transported. We suggest that physical and chemical processes combine together to influence stratospheric O3 after HTHH eruption. Moreover, the effect on O3 of HTHH eruption is probably one of the reasons for the recent discovery of a larger O3 hole in Antarctica. Key Points Volcano‐induced stratospheric sulfate aerosols are transported toward the South Pole and downwards by the Brewer‐Dobson circulation Catalytic nitrogen oxide ozone loss cycles and sulfate aerosols' radiative effects cause extra‐polar stratospheric ozone anomalies Volcanic aerosol‐induced heterogeneous chemistry and enhanced upward transport causes polar stratospheric ozone anomalies

Climate models robustly project acceleration of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) in response to climate change. However, the BDC trends simulated by comprehensive models are poorly constrained by observations, which cannot even determine the sign of potential trends. Additionally, the changing structure of the troposphere and stratosphere has received increasing attention in recent years. The extent to which vertical shifts of the circulation are driving the acceleration is under debate. In this study, we present a novel method that enables the attribution of advective BDC changes to structural changes of the circulation and of the stratosphere itself. Using this method allows studying the advective BDC trends in unprecedented detail and sheds new light into discrepancies between different data sets (reanalyses and models) at the tropopause and in the lower stratosphere. Our findings provide insights into the reliability of model projections of BDC changes and offer new possibilities for observational constraints. Plain Language Summary The large‐scale interhemispheric meridional overturning circulation in the middle atmosphere determines the composition of this region, including the distribution of radiatively important trace gases. The long‐term change of this circulation is a subject of ongoing debate, and an area of disagreement between models and observations. In our study we present a method that provides an unprecedented insight into the change and disentangles the individual factors behind it. Hence, the method introduces new constraints on the circulation change and can aid the reconciliation between models and observations. Key Points A method for attributing net upwelling trends to changes in circulation, air density and structure of the upwelling region is established Models agree largely on contributions from vertical shifts in pressure surfaces/tropopause and changes in vertical advection For reanalyses, on the other hand, the uncertainty is larger, not allowing direct constraints on model trends

The stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) significantly influences current weather and climate patterns. However, its state in the geological past remains largely unexplored. This study investigates SPV variations in the past 250 million years, using a fully coupled Earth System Model. It is found that midlatitude paleogeography primarily drove substantial SPV variations in the deep time, while changes in CO2 concentrations and solar insolation play a minor role. Both the Arctic and Antarctic SPV were strengthened when the supercontinent Pangea broke up. The increased asymmetry of midlatitude land‐sea contrast tended to weaken the upward propagation of wavenumber‐1 planetary waves, thereby strengthening the SPV. This SPV strengthening correlated with the decelerated stratospheric Brewer‐Dobson circulation and uplift of the polar tropopause. Our results highlight the crucial role of paleogeography in regulating SPV variations and stratosphere–troposphere coupling in deep‐time climate. Plain Language Summary At present, influences of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) on surface climate have attracted growing attention. In the geological past, however, how the SPV acted and how it impacted on the troposphere and surface climate remains unclear. This study explores SPV variations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in the past 250 million years (Myr) using simulations of a fully coupled Earth System Model. Our results reveal that polar stratospheric temperatures fluctuated by up to 20 K in the geological past, which is much greater than the variations from 1850 to the present. Midlatitude paleogeography played a crucial role in SPV variations over tectonic timescales. The breakup and drift of the Pangea supercontinent altered the upward propagation of Rossby waves from the troposphere into the stratosphere. It influenced not only the SPV but also the strength of stratospheric Brewer‐Dobson circulation as well as the polar tropopause height. This work helps to understand the role of paleogeography in the stratosphere. Key Points The stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) experienced dramatic variations in the past 250 million years Midlatitude paleogeography has a crucial impact on SPV variations by regulating upward propagation of planetary waves The SPV variation is closely associated with changes in stratospheric Brewer‐Dobson circulation over tectonic timescales

We quantify the changes in the intensity of Brewer‐Dobson Circulation (BDC) during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) and its impact on the tropical stratospheric thermal structure and ozone distribution by composite analysis using observations and a chemical‐transport model. An increase in the planetary wave activity and enhancement in BDC intensity before the central date of SSW is noticed. A positive ozone anomaly is observed in the tropical upper stratosphere. The tropical lower stratosphere shows a cooling (1–2 K) and negative ozone anomaly (∼0.1 ppmv) after ∼10 days from the central date. The polar stratosphere experiences a positive ozone anomaly, whereas the upper stratosphere shows ozone depletion due to the downwelling of NOx‐rich mesospheric air. The cold‐point tropopause temperature shows a cooling of ∼0.5 K for major warming which in turn dries the lower stratosphere. Plain Language Summary The Brewer‐Dobson circulation transports tropical air toward the polar stratosphere. During sudden stratospheric warming, the associated wave activity and changing zonal wind direction in the stratosphere alter the intensity of the circulation. The strength of the circulation increases before the warming, resulting in enhanced upwelling over the tropics. The upwelling leads to cooling across the stratosphere and decreased ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere over the tropics. The lower temperatures over the upper stratosphere reduce the ozone depletion rate. Over the polar upper stratosphere, ozone depletion is observed due to the downwelling of NOx‐rich air and an increase in the lower stratosphere due to the transport of ozone‐rich air from higher levels. Key Points Change in the intensity of Brewer‐Dobson Circulation (BDC) due to sudden stratospheric warming Ozone transport due to change in the intensity of BDC using observations and modeling Cooling across the tropical stratosphere and decreased ozone concentrations due to upwelling

It is well established that the shallow branch of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation accelerates in a warming climate due to enhanced wave drag in the subtropical lower stratosphere. This has been linked to the strengthening of the upper flanks of the subtropical jets. However, the seasonality of the zonal wind trends, peaking in the winter hemisphere, is opposite to that of the Eliassen‐Palm flux convergence trends, peaking in summer. We investigate the seasonality in the wave drag trends and find a different behavior for each hemisphere. The Shepherd and McLandress (2011, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3608.1) mechanism, involving transient wave dissipation at higher levels following the rise of the critical lines, is found to maximize in austral summer. On the other hand, in the Northern Hemisphere the wave drag increase peaks in summer primarily due to the changes in the stationary planetary waves (monsoonal circulations) associated with enhanced deep convection. Plain Language Summary The Brewer‐Dobson circulation, responsible for mass, heat and constituents global transport in the stratosphere, is projected to accelerate in a warming climate. This circulation is driven by the momentum transferred by dissipating waves. We explore the seasonality of trends in wave dissipation in the subtropical lower stratosphere. First, we show that the largest changes in the wave dissipation take place in the summer hemisphere, opposite to the largest changes in the zonal wind, which is known to control wave dissipation conditions. We investigate this apparent contradiction and find that (a) the conditions are particularly favorable for the waves to be affected by the changing wind in summer, due to their spectral characteristics and the structure of the background zonal wind, in particular the proximity of the zero wind line; and (b) in the Northern Hemisphere the changes are primarily associated with stationary waves triggered by enhanced deep convection in a warmer climate. Key Points Future subtropical trends in lower stratospheric wave drag are strongest in the summer hemisphere, whereas zonal wind trends peak in winter The largest changes in transient wave drag due to critical line shift are found in the Southern Hemisphere summer The Northern Hemisphere summer trends are mainly due to changes in stationary wave drag linked to stronger and higher deep convection

Purpose of Review Telehealth is an innovative approach with great potential to bridge the healthcare delivery gap, especially for underserved communities. While minority populations represent a target audience that could benefit significantly from this modern solution, little of the existing literature speaks to its acceptability, accessibility, and overall effectiveness in underserved populations. Here, we review the various challenges and achievements of contemporary telehealth and explore its impact on care delivery as an alternative or adjunct to traditional healthcare delivery systems. Recent Findings Given the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a rapid acceleration in telemedicine adoption. Recent studies of telemedicine utilization during the pandemic reveal stark disparities in telemedicine modality use based on race, socioeconomic status, geography, and age. Summary While telehealth has great potential to overcome healthcare obstacles, the digital divide stands as a challenge to equitable telehealth and telemedicine adoption. Achieving health equity in telehealth will require the mobilization of resources, financial incentives, and political will among hospital systems, insurance companies, and government officials.

The Pinatubo eruption in 1991 injected 10–20 Tg SO2 into the stratosphere, which formed sulfate aerosols through oxidation. Our modeling results show that volcanic heating significantly perturbs the heterogeneous and homogeneous chemistry including NOx and HOx catalytic cycles in the tropical stratosphere. The simulated tropical chemical ozone tendency is positive at 20 mb while negative at 10 mb in the tropics. The simulated ozone chemical tendency is of the same magnitude as the dynamical ozone tendency caused by the accelerated tropical upwelling, but with the opposite sign. Our study finds that the tropical ozone chemical tendency due to homogeneous chemistry becomes more important than heterogeneous chemistry 3 months after eruption. Sensitivity simulations further suggest that the tropical ozone tendency through heterogeneous chemistry is saturated when the injected amount exceeds 2 Tg. Plain Language Summary In 1991, a large volcanic eruption injected 10–20 Tg SO2 into the stratosphere and perturbed the stratospheric chemistry and dynamics. In this study, we use a climate model to quantify the chemical and dynamical influence of the volcano on tropical stratospheric ozone. Model suggests that the ozone chemical tendency is positive around 28 km while negative around 35 km. Our study also suggests that both heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions contribute to the ozone anomalies. With sensitivity studies, we show that the tropical ozone changes due to heterogeneous chemistry is saturated if the injected amount exceeds 2 Tg. Key Points The simulated ozone tendency due to chemistry is of the same order of magnitude but of the opposite sign than that due to dynamics The chemistry‐driven change in the tropical ozone tendency is dominated by the gas‐phase rather than heterogeneous chemistry The ozone tendency change due to heterogeneous chemistry is saturated when the injected SO2 amount exceeds 2 Tg

Previous work has examined the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) changes for 1980-2009 based on satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU) lower-stratospheric temperature (TLS) observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Here we examine the BDC changes for the longer period now available (1980-2018), which also allows analysis of both the ozone depletion (1980-1999) and ozone healing (2000-2018) periods. We provide observational evidence that the annual mean BDC accelerated for 1980-1999 but decelerated for 2000-2018, with the changes largely driven by the Southern Hemisphere (SH), which might be partly contributed by the effects of ozone depletion and healing. We also show that the annual mean BDC has accelerated in the last 40 years (at the 90% confidence level) with a relative strengthening of ∼1.7% per decade. This overall acceleration was driven by both Northern Hemisphere (40%) and SH (60%) cells. Significant SH radiative warming is also identified in September for 2000-2018 after excluding the year 2002 when a very rare SH stratospheric sudden warming occurred, supporting the view that healing of the Antarctic ozone layer has now begun to occur during the month of September.