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Politics across the Hudson : the Tappan Zee megaproject
\"A behind-the-scenes look at three decades of planning and politics for the new Tappan Zee Bridge reveals essential lessons for those interested in tackling complex public policy problems, yet it will also confirm your worst fears about governmental dysfunction. The New York metropolitan area abandoned viable options, squandered hundreds of millions of dollars, forfeited more than three billion dollars in federal funds, and missed out on important opportunities. For more than 30 years, New York officials were unable to develop a consensus on a realistic plan to improve transportation conditions in New York's northern suburbs. Planning improvements for a region with more than 22 million people is difficult enough, but several state officials made it even harder when they raised false expectations about government's ability to solve a problem. Three governors preferred to keep studying various alternatives rather than disappointing key constituencies. Faced with the public's unrealistic expectations, it seemed impossible to identify a solution that was both practical and popular. The governors had little to gain from lowering expectations; instead they were trapped by them. One troubling lesson from the I-287 / Tappan Zee Bridge planning process is that leaders who expedite projects often do so by making decisions behind closed doors with little community input. Although everyone supports government transparency and public participation, in reality too much public involvement gets in the way of finalizing plans and constructing megaprojects\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Application of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete in Bridge Engineering: Current Status, Limitations, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a form of cementitious composite that has been the most innovative product in concrete technology over the last three decades. Ultra-high-performance concrete has been broadly employed for the design of numerous forms of construction owing to its excellent mechanical characteristics and durability, and studies on its behavior have grown fast in the last decades. While the utilization of ultra-high-performance concrete in bridge engineering (BE) is limited owing to its high costs, little is recognized about the utilization of UHPC in various BE elements. As a result of these issues, a comprehensive review of the current UHPC development trends should be conducted to determine its present state and perspective. This study presents a review of the state-of-the-art UHPC applications in BE. This review also discusses the current status, limitations, challenges, and areas for the further investigation of UHPC in BE. The aim of this research to help various construction stakeholders understand the distinctive characteristics, benefits, and barriers to the broad utilization of ultra-high-performance concrete applications. The understanding of UHPC will aid in increasing its entire market share in both the national and worldwide building sectors.
Journal Article
Pre-Collapse Space Geodetic Observations of Critical Infrastructure: The Morandi Bridge, Genoa, Italy
We present a methodology for the assessment of possible pre-failure bridge deformations, based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations. We apply this methodology to obtain a detailed 15-year survey of the Morandi bridge (Polcevera Viaduct) in the form of relative displacements across the structure prior to its collapse on August 14th 2018. We generated a displacement map for the structure from space-based SAR measurements acquired by the Italian constellation COSMO-SkyMed and the European constellation Sentinel-1A/B over the period 2009–2018. Historical satellite datasets include Envisat data spanning 2003–2011. The map reveals that the bridge was undergoing an increased magnitude of deformations over time prior to its collapse. This technique shows that the deck next to the collapsed pier was characterized since 2015 by increasing relative displacements. The COSMO-SkyMed dataset reveals the increased deformation magnitude over time of several points located near the strands of this deck between 12th March 2017 and August 2018.
Journal Article
Bridge Structure Deformation Prediction Based on GNSS Data Using Kalman-ARIMA-GARCH Model
Bridges are an essential part of the ground transportation system. Health monitoring is fundamentally important for the safety and service life of bridges. A large amount of structural information is obtained from various sensors using sensing technology, and the data processing has become a challenging issue. To improve the prediction accuracy of bridge structure deformation based on data mining and to accurately evaluate the time-varying characteristics of bridge structure performance evolution, this paper proposes a new method for bridge structure deformation prediction, which integrates the Kalman filter, autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH). Firstly, the raw deformation data is directly pre-processed using the Kalman filter to reduce the noise. After that, the linear recursive ARIMA model is established to analyze and predict the structure deformation. Finally, the nonlinear recursive GARCH model is introduced to further improve the accuracy of the prediction. Simulation results based on measured sensor data from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) deformation monitoring system demonstrated that: (1) the Kalman filter is capable of denoising the bridge deformation monitoring data; (2) the prediction accuracy of the proposed Kalman-ARIMA-GARCH model is satisfactory, where the mean absolute error increases only from 3.402 mm to 5.847 mm with the increment of the prediction step; and (3) in comparision to the Kalman-ARIMA model, the Kalman-ARIMA-GARCH model results in superior prediction accuracy as it includes partial nonlinear characteristics (heteroscedasticity); the mean absolute error of five-step prediction using the proposed model is improved by 10.12%. This paper provides a new way for structural behavior prediction based on data processing, which can lay a foundation for the early warning of bridge health monitoring system based on sensor data using sensing technology.
Journal Article
Maximum Probabilistic and Dynamic Traffic Load Effects on Short-to-Medium Span Bridges
The steadily growing traffic load has resulted in lots of bridge collapse events over the past decades, especially for short-to-medium span bridges. This study investigated probabilistic and dynamic traffic load effects on short-to-medium span bridges using practical heavy traffic data
in China. Mathematical formulations for traffic-bridge coupled vibration and probabilistic extrapolation were derived. A framework for extrapolating probabilistic and dynamic traffic load effect was presented to conduct an efficient and accurate extrapolation. An equivalent dynamic wheel load
model was demonstrated to be feasible for short-to-medium span bridges. Numerical studies of two types of simply-supported bridges were conducted based on site-specific traffic monitoring data. Numerical results show that the simulated samples and fitting lines follow a curve line in the Gumbel
distribution coordinate system. It can be assumed that dynamic traffic load effects follow Gaussian distribution and the extreme value follows Gumbel distribution. The equivalent probabilistic amplification factor is smaller than the individual dynamic amplification factor, which might be
due to the variability of individual samples. Eurocode 1 is the most conservative specification on vehicle load models, followed by the BS5400 specification. The D60-2015 specification in China and ASSHTO specification provide lower conservative traffic load models.
Journal Article
State-of-the-art and annual progress of bridge engineering in 2021
Bridge construction is one of the cores of traffic infrastructure construction. To better develop relevant bridge science, this paper introduces the main research progress in China and abroad in 2021 from 12 aspects. The content consists of four parts in 12 aspects. The first part is about the bridge structure and analysis theories, including concrete bridge and high-performance materials, steel bridges, composite girders and cable-supported bridge analysis theories. The second part is about the bridge disaster prevention and mitigation, including bridge seismic resistance, vibration and noise reduction of rail transit bridges, monitoring and detection of steel bridge, hydrodynamics of coastal bridges, and durability of the concrete bridge under the complex environmental conditions. The last part is concerning the bridge emerging technologies, including bridge assessment and reinforcement, the technology in bridge structure test and intelligent construction and safe operation and maintenance of bridges.
Journal Article
Research on temperature control techniques for mass concrete in the pile cap of the west tower of Shiziyang Bridge
With the continuous advancement in the construction of long-span bridges in China, the application of mass concrete bearing platforms has significantly increased, rendering temperature control a critical technical challenge. The Shiziyang Bridge project features a double-deck steel truss suspension bridge with a main span of 2 180 m. Its main pier employs separated bearing platforms, each circular in plan with a diameter of 40 m and height of 9.0 m. Constructed using C45 concrete, each platform contains over 10,000 m
3
of concrete. To mitigate thermal cracking risks and enhance crack resistance, this study implemented comprehensive temperature control strategies through Midas FEA finite element analysis and intelligent field temperature monitoring systems. Key findings revealed that both numerical simulations and field measurements demonstrated the effectiveness of cooling pipe arrangements with horizontal spacing of 100 cm and vertical spacing of 80 cm in reducing thermal gradients. The minimum crack resistance safety factor calculated through finite element methods reached 1.47, exceeding the specified limit of 1.4 and satisfying stress control criteria. Field monitoring recorded a maximum internal temperature peak of 64 ℃, with maximum internal-surface and surface-ambient differentials of 23.4 ℃ and 19.8 ℃ respectively, all complying with design specifications. The intelligent temperature control system successfully achieved precise regulation through automated cooling water flow adjustment, temperature monitoring, and directional water flow reversal, thereby ensuring the realization of seamless bearing platforms for the western pylon of Shiziyang Bridge. This technical approach provides valuable references for thermal management in mega-scale concrete structures, demonstrating that integrated numerical simulation and intelligent monitoring can effectively control hydration heat effects while maintaining structural integrity.
Journal Article
Evolution of Digital Twin Frameworks in Bridge Management: Review and Future Directions
Over the last decade, the digital twin (DT) concept has effectively revolutionized conventional bridge monitoring and management. Despite their overall success, current bridge DTs encounter conceptual ambiguities, hindering their inherent potential for practical implementation. Moreover, intelligent decision support models have not been properly considered as a component of the bridge DTs framework to enhance the reliability of decisions for asset maintenance. Therefore, this paper conducts a scientometric analysis and a comprehensive state-of-the-art review, exploring current bridge DT research trends and architectures and introducing an enhanced conceptual framework for bridge DTs. To this end, more than 480 research publications have been reviewed, compared, and analyzed. The research result encompasses the redevelopment of a multilayer DT framework, fostering its implementation in the full lifecycle of bridge infrastructure while exploring the potential integration of decision support systems and data fusion from advanced technologies to improve the overall efficiency of implementing DT technology in bridges.
Journal Article
Beyond boundary spanners: The 'collective bridge' as an efficient interunit structure for transferring collective knowledge
This research introduces a framework for selecting efficient interunit structures in facilitating the transfer of knowledge with different levels of complexity. We argue that while the boundary spanner structure is efficient for transferring discrete knowledge, it is inadequate for transferring collectively held complex knowledge. We propose that the transfer of such knowledge requires a more decentralized interunit structure—collective bridge, which is a set of direct interunit ties connecting the members of the source and the recipient units, with the configuration of the interunit ties matching the complexity of knowledge to be transferred. We suggest that while a collective bridge is inefficient in transferring discrete knowledge relative to a boundary spanner structure, it is more efficient for transferring collective knowledge.
Journal Article
State-of-the-art and annual progress of bridge engineering in 2020
Bridge construction is one of the cores of traffic infrastructure construction. To better develop relevant bridge science, this paper introduces the main research progress in China and abroad in 2020 from 16 aspects. The content consists of four major categories in 16 aspects. The first part is about the bridge structure, including concrete bridge and high-performance materials, steel bridges, composite girders. The second part is about the bridge disaster prevention and mitigation, including bridge seismic resistance, wind resistance of bridge, train-bridge coupling vibration research, bridge hydrodynamics, the durability of the concrete bridges, fatigue of steel bridge, temperature field and temperature effect of bridge; The third part is about the bridge analyses, including numerical simulation of bridge structure, box girder and cable-stayed bridge analysis theories. The last part is concerning the bridge emerging technologies, including bridge informatization and intelligent bridge, the technology in bridge structure test, bridge assessment and reinforcement, prefabricated concrete bridge structure.
Journal Article