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The utilization of nipah frond waste (Nypa fruticans) and galam bark (Melaleuca leucadendron) as materials for making briquettes has been conducted. Nipah fronds and galam bark were sourced from Bunipah Village, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. This study employed an experimental method with a varying composition of nipah frond and galam bark 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The damar adhesive used was 20%, with a molding pressure of 200 kg/cm2 and a 30 seconds dip in used cooking oil. The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics and quality of briquette combustion. The results indicated that the briquettes produced had a water content of 4.31–8.03%; ash content of 3.69-10.00%; bound carbon of 39.55–42.29%; calorific value of 6,854.71–7,689.51 cal/g; and density of 0.78–0.83 g/cm3. In terms of combustion quality, the briquettes showed an initial ignition time of 2.19–2.56 minutes; combustion duration of 91.47–129.24 minutes and combustion speed of 0.19–0.15 g/minute. Based on the test results, briquettes with a composition of 25:75 (25% nipah fronds: 75% galam bark) have the best characteristics and combustion quality compared to briquettes with other compositions.

Plastic-based goods are commonly used in daily life, but their waste poses significant environmental challenges due to its durability. This study investigates the use of recycled plastic as an artificial coarse aggregate in asphalt mixtures, specifically assessing the effects of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) on Hot Rolled Sheet Wearing Course (HRS-WC) mixtures. The objectives are to evaluate the physical properties of the artificial coarse aggregates, identify the optimal asphalt content and Marshall characteristics, and determine the maximum feasible substitution level for these aggregates. A test specimen (briquette) was produced for the Marshall test to assess the mixture properties. Our findings indicate that the maximum allowable substitution of HDPE plastic in HRS-WC mixtures is 42%. With an optimal asphalt content of 7.30%, HDPE substitution levels of 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% yielded the highest stability at 45% (1176.696 kg), the highest VMA at 30% (21.250%), and the highest VIM within specifications at 30% (4.998%). The highest VFB value was observed at 45% (88.767%), while the highest Marshall Quotient was at 30% (364.527 kg/mm). The study recommends a maximum HDPE plastic waste substitution level of 40%, highlighting the potential for using HDPE plastic waste in asphalt mixtures to promote more sustainable construction practices.

The characteristics of briquette were not the simple superpose of the fractional coals, and its character was obviously different with the fractional coals. In this paper the research on the influence of the proportion upon volatile, ignition and heat value was done. The experiment results are of great significance to improve the mix proportion and make the mix proportion more clear and reasonable.

Fast-growing species have been increasingly developed in recent years, and among them, those cultivated to obtain combustible woody biomass have shown rapid development. The purpose of this research study is to highlight the properties of the briquettes and pellets obtained from energetic willow compared to the briquettes and pellets obtained from oak biomass. Methodologies have been based on international standards and were used to find the physical, mechanical, and calorific properties of the two types of briquettes and pellets. The results did not highlight a significant difference between the two categories of briquettes and pellets obtained from the two hardwood species (energetic willow and oak). Characteristics such as the calorific value were 20.7 MJ/kg for native pellets and 21.43 MJ/kg for torrefied pellets of energetic willow, as well as the compressive strength of 1.02 N/mm[sup.2] , surpassed the same characteristics of briquettes and pellets obtained from oak biomass. Other characteristics of energetic willows, such as energetic density of 18.0 × 10[sup.3] MJ/m[sup.3] , splitting strength of 0.08 N/mm[sup.2] , shear strength of 0.86 N/mm[sup.2] , and abrasion of 1.92%, were favorably related to the oak biomass. The ecological analysis highlighted the high potential of the ecological willow in a period when the quantities of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by human activities are very high, and its sequestration by existing forests is insufficient. As a general conclusion of this research study, it can be stated that the two categories of briquettes and pellets obtained from the woody biomass of the energetic willow and oak species have similar characteristics, which can be used separately or together in ecological and sustainable combustion.

The paper presents the results obtained in the laboratory on the processing of siderite waste in the form of briquettes usable in the steel industry. Siderite waste together with a series of powdery wastes were processed by briquetting, obtaining a Carbofer type by-product used in the production of steel as a slag foaming agent. The experimental recipes were tested in the laboratory in the production of steel in an induction furnace. The by-products obtained were used as a slag foaming agent, thus the powdery wastes are recycled, obtaining ecological, technological and economic advantages.

In the reduction process of ores, agglomerates, pellets, and briquettes, besides the mineralogical structure, chemical composition, porosity, working temperature, and composition of the gas phase, the specific surface area of the reaction front (cm2 surface area per briquette or cm3 briquette volume) also plays a particularly important role. Considering the stresses that briquettes are subjected to during handling, transport, and storage, the most suitable shapes are spherical or ovoid. However, these shapes have the disadvantage of low specific surface values for the reaction front during the reduction process. From the perspective of specific surface area (i.e., its value), cubic or parallelepiped-shaped briquettes would be more appropriate, but they suffer from greater degradation during handling. For waste materials with low reducibility, increasing the specific reaction surface can be achieved by briquetting ores or waste into multi-cavity or tubular briquettes with internal cavities, even though the briquetting installations become more complex from a structural and functional point of view compared to the simpler forms mentioned above. For waste materials with medium reducibility, tubular briquettes are considered a very good solution.

The study substantiates the expediency of using local fuels to ensure heat and power infrastructure operation. Based on the data on the location of peat deposits in Ukraine, the possibilities and limitations of using peat for regional energy needs are investigated in terms of energy, economic, and environmental aspects. The article presents a methodology for substantiating projects for the transition of regional heat and power to the use of local fuels based on a system of general and partial indicators, which, respectively, characterize both the overall effects achieved from the transition of the regional economy to local fuels and reveal certain aspects of effectiveness in ensuring efficient heat supply and socio-economic development of the region. It has been established that peat extraction in the Rivne region can be carried out in the range of 100-180 thousand tons per year, mainly for fuel purposes, with the subsequent production of up to 20 thousand tons of lump peat and about 75 thousand tons of peat briquettes per year. The environmentally permissible scale of peat extraction in the Rivne region exceeds 600 thousand tons. It is proposed that the effectiveness of the relevant measures be evaluated by comparing the predicted and achieved values of the indicators.

The article discusses the influence of briquetting/compaction parameters. This includes the effects of pressure and temperature on material density and the thermal conductivity of biomass compacted into briquette samples. Plant biomass mainly consists of lignin and cellulose which breaks down into simple polymers at the elevated temperature of 200 °C. Hence, the compaction pressure, compaction temperature, density, and thermal conductivity of the tested material play crucial roles in the briquetting and the torrefaction process to transform it into charcoal with a high carbon content. The tests were realized for samples of raw biomass compacted under pressure in the range from 100 to 1000 bar and at two temperatures of 20 and 200 °C. The pressure of 200 bar was concluded as the most economically viable in briquetting technology in the tests conducted. The conducted research shows a relatively good log relationship between the density of the compacted briquette and the compaction pressure. Additionally, higher compaction pressure resulted in higher destructive force of the compacted material, which may affect the lower abrasion of the material. Regarding heat transfer throughout the sample, the average thermal conductivity for the compacted biomass was determined at a value of 0.048 ± 0.001 W/(K∙m). Finally, the described methodology for thermal conductivity determination has been found to be a reliable tool, therefore it can be proposed for other applications.

The article is devoted to the analysis of methods of utilization and processing of oil sludge. The advantages and disadvantages of thermal, biological, chemical, physical and combined methods of disposal are considered in detail. It is concluded that it is necessary to use an integrated approach to obtain a more effective result and involve oil-containing waste in recycling in order to minimize the anthropogenic impact on the environment. The analysis of one of the promising technologies for processing oil sludge at large fields planned for implementation - the production of fuel briquettes for use in boiler houses operating at the field. It is proved that from the point of view of technical and environmental indicators it is not effective. It is proposed to consider the problem of oil sludge management from the perspective of three components: reducing the volume of oil sludge and preventing its formation as a whole, the use of effective methods of recycling, recycling through an integrated approach.

A patented binderless coal briquetting process involving dehydration and compaction was applied at pilot scale on beneficiated fine coal discard obtained from the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. Laboratory test work was undertaken on the resultant binderless coal briquettes to assess their quality relative to the feed. Drop shatter tests were used to indicate the wet and dry mechanical strength of the briquettes post-production, weathering and blending. The total moisture content of the binderless coal briquettes was reduced significantly by 77%, while the calorific value improved slightly by 3%. Moreover, the briquettes showed reasonable resistance to breakage post-production, as well as under simulated weathering conditions. The positive results demonstrated in this study are consistent with similar studies conducted on inertinite-rich coals in South Africa and highlight a sustainable opportunity to reclaim much of the historical and arising fine coal discard.