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"Bubble"
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The gumazing gum girl! : chews your destiny
When Mom issues a no-gum rule, Gabby Gomez sneaks a piece of special bubble gum that turns her into a superhero.
Book
Flow‐ and Fracture‐Driven Bubble Throat Growth Rates and Dynamic Permeability in Crystallizing Magma
Pyroclasts typically exhibit coalesced vesicle textures, which are the evidence of bubble coalescence and the incomplete bubble wall retraction in magma during volcanic eruptions. The sizes of bubble throats or inter‐bubble apertures in permeable networks control the extent of magma outgassing, and therefore, quantifying the growth rates of the bubble throats is important but has remained poorly constrained. Using dynamically similar experiments with spontaneous bursting of a single bubble in rheologically well‐characterized particulate suspensions, we investigate the growth rate of bubble throats for a range of particle volume fractions. For suspensions with ≲$\\lesssim $ 0.50 particle volume fraction, a circular hole (bubble throat) forms following bubble bursting, which after an initial fast growth starts plateauing at a throat‐bubble size ratio of ≳$\\gtrsim $ 0.20. The throat growth time scale overall increases with increasing particle volume fraction due to the increase in suspension viscosity. On the other hand, bubbles in suspensions with particle volume fraction near the maximum packing fraction (∼${\\sim} $ 0.64) exhibit a fracture‐like opening. Thus, our experimental results suggest that the plateauing of the bubble throat growth in crystal‐poor to crystal‐rich magma likely contributes to the wide occurrence of the incompletely retracted vesicle walls in pyroclasts. The implications of the flow‐ to fracture‐like growth of bubble throats on the development of dynamic permeability in magma are discussed. Plain Language Summary The loss of pressurized gas from magma can determine the explosivity of a volcanic eruption. The gas percolates through networks of connected bubbles in magma where the presence of crystals further affects the outgassing. The radius of the bubble throat or the inter‐bubble aperture in a bubble network controls the extent of this outgassing. Therefore, quantifying the growth time scales of bubble throats is important to better evaluate the eruptibility of magma. To investigate this, we perform laboratory experiments that are analogous to natural settings. Our results suggest that the time scales of the bubble throat growth are expected to increase with increasing crystal contents in magma. For densely crystalline magma, throat formation through fracturing is also expected. Thus, the outcomes from this study provide better insights into the time‐dependent loss of gas from crystallizing magmas. Key Points Experiments show growth of circular bubble throats in less dense suspensions as compared to fracture‐like opening in dense suspensions The bubble throat growth starts plateauing at a low throat‐bubble size ratio contributing to their wide occurrence in pyroclasts The time‐dependent growth of bubble throat can significantly affect dynamic permeability in crystallizing magmas
Journal Article
Gum luck
Gabby Gomez keeps her Gum Girl heroics secret from her parents, but there is a new villain in town and the city needs her to help.
Book
Revisited electrochemical gas evolution reactions from the perspective of gas bubbles
Electrochemical gas evolution reactions are common but essential in many electrochemical processes including water electrolysis. During these processes, gas bubbles are constantly nucleating on reaction interfaces in electrolyte and consequently exert an impact on catalysts and the performance. In the past few decades, extensive studies have been conducted to characterize bubbles with emerging advanced technologies, manage behaviors of bubbles, and apply bubbles to various domains. In this review, we summarize representative discoveries as well as recent advancements in electrochemical gas evolution reactions from the perspective of gas bubbles. Finally, we end up this review with a profound outlook on future research topics from the combination of experiments and theoretical techniques, non-negligible bubble effects, gravity-free situation, and reactions under practical industrial conditions.
Journal Article
Popped star
As Gabby Gomez is trying to tell her family she is Gum Girl, she encounters Ninja-Rina, a masked ballerina for whom no crime is \"tutu\" big.
Book
Multibubble Sonoluminescence from a Theoretical Perspective
In the present review, complexity in multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) is discussed. At relatively low ultrasonic frequency, a cavitation bubble is filled mostly with water vapor at relatively high acoustic amplitude which results in OH-line emission by chemiluminescence as well as emissions from weakly ionized plasma formed inside a bubble at the end of the violent bubble collapse. At relatively high ultrasonic frequency or at relatively low acoustic amplitude at relatively low ultrasonic frequency, a cavitation bubble is mostly filled with noncondensable gases such as air or argon at the end of the bubble collapse, which results in relatively high bubble temperature and light emissions from plasma formed inside a bubble. Ionization potential lowering for atoms and molecules occurs due to the extremely high density inside a bubble at the end of the violent bubble collapse, which is one of the main reasons for the plasma formation inside a bubble in addition to the high bubble temperature due to quasi-adiabatic compression of a bubble, where “quasi” means that appreciable thermal conduction takes place between the heated interior of a bubble and the surrounding liquid. Due to bubble–bubble interaction, liquid droplets enter bubbles at the bubble collapse, which results in sodium-line emission.
Journal Article
Ice breaking by a collapsing bubble
This work focuses on using the power of a collapsing bubble in ice breaking. We experimentally validated the possibility and investigated the mechanism of ice breaking with a single collapsing bubble, where the bubble was generated by underwater electric discharge and collapsed at various distances under ice plates with different thicknesses. Characteristics of the ice fracturing, bubble jets and shock waves emitted during the collapse of the bubble were captured. The pattern of the ice fracturing is related to the ice thickness and the bubble–ice distance. Fractures develop from the top of the ice plate, i.e. the ice–air interface, and this is attributed to the tension caused by the reflection of the shock waves at the interface. Such fracturing is lessened when the thickness of the ice plate or the bubble–ice distance increases. Fractures may also form from the bottom of the ice plate upon the shock wave incidence when the bubble–ice distance is sufficiently small. The ice plate motion and its effect on the bubble behaviour were analysed. The ice plate motion results in higher jet speed and greater elongation of the bubble shape along the vertical direction. It also causes the bubble initiated close to the ice plate to split and emit multiple shock waves at the end of the collapse. The findings suggest that collapsing bubbles can be used as a brand new way of ice breaking.
Journal Article
The first crash : lessons from the South Sea Bubble
'The First Crash' provides a full account of the South Sea Bubble written from the point of view of stock market investors. The text is aimed at all those with an interest in the behaviour stock markets, whether as fund managers, brokers, investors, financial advisers, analysts or academics.
Book
Design parameter estimations for adjustable bubble size in bubble generating system
In this study, we developed a customized low cost and low energy bubble generator that can control bubble size. Hence, it can be used not only in the water treatment process but also in various other processes. This device was able to generate bubbles with a very simple system using only a general pump and a mixing chamber. Increasing the number of partition walls in the mixing chamber reduced the bubble size. Furthermore, bubbles of a few hundred nanometers were produced by the shear stress caused by increasing the thickness of the partition wall. Although the generated sub-micron bubbles were too small for their exact size to be measured using an image analysis and particle counting method, it was possible to confirm their existence indirectly through the coalescence arising from ultrasonic irradiation. The device used in this research is simple and allows bubble size to be adjusted easily by controlling the design of the mixing chamber. Therefore, it can be applied to a water treatment process, as well as a variety of other processes.
Journal Article