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"Bubbles."
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Doozers have bubble trouble
When the Pod Squad pushes too many buttons on their new cleaning machine, the machine produces an abundance of hard-to-pop bubbles.
Book
Revisited electrochemical gas evolution reactions from the perspective of gas bubbles
Electrochemical gas evolution reactions are common but essential in many electrochemical processes including water electrolysis. During these processes, gas bubbles are constantly nucleating on reaction interfaces in electrolyte and consequently exert an impact on catalysts and the performance. In the past few decades, extensive studies have been conducted to characterize bubbles with emerging advanced technologies, manage behaviors of bubbles, and apply bubbles to various domains. In this review, we summarize representative discoveries as well as recent advancements in electrochemical gas evolution reactions from the perspective of gas bubbles. Finally, we end up this review with a profound outlook on future research topics from the combination of experiments and theoretical techniques, non-negligible bubble effects, gravity-free situation, and reactions under practical industrial conditions.
Journal Article
Bubble homes and fish farts
Bubbles serve many different functions for a wide variety of animals. Some use them for protection, some to find food, and others to keep warm.
Book
Ice breaking by a collapsing bubble
This work focuses on using the power of a collapsing bubble in ice breaking. We experimentally validated the possibility and investigated the mechanism of ice breaking with a single collapsing bubble, where the bubble was generated by underwater electric discharge and collapsed at various distances under ice plates with different thicknesses. Characteristics of the ice fracturing, bubble jets and shock waves emitted during the collapse of the bubble were captured. The pattern of the ice fracturing is related to the ice thickness and the bubble–ice distance. Fractures develop from the top of the ice plate, i.e. the ice–air interface, and this is attributed to the tension caused by the reflection of the shock waves at the interface. Such fracturing is lessened when the thickness of the ice plate or the bubble–ice distance increases. Fractures may also form from the bottom of the ice plate upon the shock wave incidence when the bubble–ice distance is sufficiently small. The ice plate motion and its effect on the bubble behaviour were analysed. The ice plate motion results in higher jet speed and greater elongation of the bubble shape along the vertical direction. It also causes the bubble initiated close to the ice plate to split and emit multiple shock waves at the end of the collapse. The findings suggest that collapsing bubbles can be used as a brand new way of ice breaking.
Journal Article
Flow‐ and Fracture‐Driven Bubble Throat Growth Rates and Dynamic Permeability in Crystallizing Magma
Pyroclasts typically exhibit coalesced vesicle textures, which are the evidence of bubble coalescence and the incomplete bubble wall retraction in magma during volcanic eruptions. The sizes of bubble throats or inter‐bubble apertures in permeable networks control the extent of magma outgassing, and therefore, quantifying the growth rates of the bubble throats is important but has remained poorly constrained. Using dynamically similar experiments with spontaneous bursting of a single bubble in rheologically well‐characterized particulate suspensions, we investigate the growth rate of bubble throats for a range of particle volume fractions. For suspensions with ≲$\\lesssim $ 0.50 particle volume fraction, a circular hole (bubble throat) forms following bubble bursting, which after an initial fast growth starts plateauing at a throat‐bubble size ratio of ≳$\\gtrsim $ 0.20. The throat growth time scale overall increases with increasing particle volume fraction due to the increase in suspension viscosity. On the other hand, bubbles in suspensions with particle volume fraction near the maximum packing fraction (∼${\\sim} $ 0.64) exhibit a fracture‐like opening. Thus, our experimental results suggest that the plateauing of the bubble throat growth in crystal‐poor to crystal‐rich magma likely contributes to the wide occurrence of the incompletely retracted vesicle walls in pyroclasts. The implications of the flow‐ to fracture‐like growth of bubble throats on the development of dynamic permeability in magma are discussed. Plain Language Summary The loss of pressurized gas from magma can determine the explosivity of a volcanic eruption. The gas percolates through networks of connected bubbles in magma where the presence of crystals further affects the outgassing. The radius of the bubble throat or the inter‐bubble aperture in a bubble network controls the extent of this outgassing. Therefore, quantifying the growth time scales of bubble throats is important to better evaluate the eruptibility of magma. To investigate this, we perform laboratory experiments that are analogous to natural settings. Our results suggest that the time scales of the bubble throat growth are expected to increase with increasing crystal contents in magma. For densely crystalline magma, throat formation through fracturing is also expected. Thus, the outcomes from this study provide better insights into the time‐dependent loss of gas from crystallizing magmas. Key Points Experiments show growth of circular bubble throats in less dense suspensions as compared to fracture‐like opening in dense suspensions The bubble throat growth starts plateauing at a low throat‐bubble size ratio contributing to their wide occurrence in pyroclasts The time‐dependent growth of bubble throat can significantly affect dynamic permeability in crystallizing magmas
Journal Article
I can make fantastic fliers
\"Introduces the reader on how to make flyers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Acoustically powered surface-slipping mobile microrobots
Untethered synthetic microrobots have significant potential to revolutionize minimally invasive medical interventions in the future. However, their relatively slow speed and low controllability near surfaces typically are some of the barriers standing in the way of their medical applications. Here, we introduce acoustically powered microrobots with a fast, unidirectional surface-slipping locomotion on both flat and curved surfaces. The proposed three-dimensionally printed, bullet-shaped microrobot contains a spherical air bubble trapped inside its internal body cavity, where the bubble is resonated using acoustic waves. The net fluidic flow due to the bubble oscillation orients the microrobot’s axisymmetric axis perpendicular to the wall and then propels it laterally at very high speeds (up to 90 body lengths per second with a body length of 25 μm) while inducing an attractive force toward the wall. To achieve unidirectional locomotion, a small fin is added to the microrobot’s cylindrical body surface, which biases the propulsion direction. For motion direction control, the microrobots are coated anisotropically with a soft magnetic nanofilm layer, allowing steering under a uniform magnetic field. Finally, surface locomotion capability of the microrobots is demonstrated inside a three-dimensional circular cross-sectional microchannel under acoustic actuation. Overall, the combination of acoustic powering and magnetic steering can be effectively utilized to actuate and navigate these microrobots in confined and hard-to-reach body location areas in a minimally invasive fashion.
Journal Article
In the bathroom
After being shrunk by a shrinking machine and ending up on a dog having a bubble bath, Alexander, his cousin Judy, and a tiny robot try to survive encounters with insects, soapy bubbles, and bathtub and toilet drains.
Book
