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"Bubbles."
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How to make bubbles
\"Have you ever wondered how bubbles are made? This book shows you how! Using simple materials and easy step-by-step instructions, young readers can explore the science behind this fun project\"-- Provided by publisher.
CHILDBOOK
Interaction of Bubbles in Liquid Near a Flat Rigid Wall
The possibility of using a recently proposed particle model of the interaction between bubbles for investigating the collective dynamics of the bubbles near a flat rigid wall and their force action on the wall has been studied. A technique of calculation of the force action of bubbles on a plane wall within the particle model under consideration has been proposed. This technique has been verified by the comparison with the available experimental data and the results by the boundary element method. To demonstrate the possibility of using the particle model and the proposed technique for investigating the collective dynamics of bubbles near a flat rigid wall, a problem of joint dynamics of sixteen initially spherical air bubbles in water near a flat rigid wall under room conditions has been considered. The centers of the bubbles are located at the nodes of a flat quadratic mesh parallel to the wall. The liquid pressure oscillates according to the harmonic law. To estimate the cluster effect, the dynamics of a similar single bubble has also been considered. It is shown that the maximum pressures on the wall are achieved in the stage of the first collapse of the bubbles at the center of their action on the wall (right under the cluster center position). The maximum pressure on the wall in the case of the cluster is more than 2.5 times higher than in the case of the single bubble.
Journal Article
Doozers have bubble trouble
When the Pod Squad pushes too many buttons on their new cleaning machine, the machine produces an abundance of hard-to-pop bubbles.
Book
Dynamics of Gas Bubbles in a Plane Cluster under an Impulse Excitation
The dynamics of air bubbles in a square cluster in water under a cosinusoidal impulse of the water rarefaction has been studied. The impulse duration is 82.73
s. The dynamics of the bubbles is considered only until some of the bubbles is destroyed due to large deformations or collide. The cluster consists of 121 bubbles with their centers located at the nodes of a uniform square mesh with one bubble at the cluster center. Initially the bubbles and the liquid are at rest, all the bubbles are spherical, their radii are 0.1 mm, the distance between the neighboring bubbles is about 10 times their radii, the water pressure is 1 bar. A particle-model of interacting bubble dynamics allowing for the bubble translations and deformations is applied. It has been shown that three modes of the bubble dynamics can be distinguished, corresponding to the small, moderate and large values of the impulse amplitude. In the first mode, none of the bubbles is destroyed or collides with others, the radial oscillations of the bubbles, their deformations and translations are small and vanish asymptotically. In the second mode, some of the bubbles become destroyed due to large deformations, and in the third mode some bubbles collide. The maximum value of the pressure achieved inside the cluster bubbles is about 670 times their initial pressure.
Journal Article
Bubble homes and fish farts
Bubbles serve many different functions for a wide variety of animals. Some use them for protection, some to find food, and others to keep warm.
Book
Revisited electrochemical gas evolution reactions from the perspective of gas bubbles
Electrochemical gas evolution reactions are common but essential in many electrochemical processes including water electrolysis. During these processes, gas bubbles are constantly nucleating on reaction interfaces in electrolyte and consequently exert an impact on catalysts and the performance. In the past few decades, extensive studies have been conducted to characterize bubbles with emerging advanced technologies, manage behaviors of bubbles, and apply bubbles to various domains. In this review, we summarize representative discoveries as well as recent advancements in electrochemical gas evolution reactions from the perspective of gas bubbles. Finally, we end up this review with a profound outlook on future research topics from the combination of experiments and theoretical techniques, non-negligible bubble effects, gravity-free situation, and reactions under practical industrial conditions.
Journal Article
Ice breaking by a collapsing bubble
This work focuses on using the power of a collapsing bubble in ice breaking. We experimentally validated the possibility and investigated the mechanism of ice breaking with a single collapsing bubble, where the bubble was generated by underwater electric discharge and collapsed at various distances under ice plates with different thicknesses. Characteristics of the ice fracturing, bubble jets and shock waves emitted during the collapse of the bubble were captured. The pattern of the ice fracturing is related to the ice thickness and the bubble–ice distance. Fractures develop from the top of the ice plate, i.e. the ice–air interface, and this is attributed to the tension caused by the reflection of the shock waves at the interface. Such fracturing is lessened when the thickness of the ice plate or the bubble–ice distance increases. Fractures may also form from the bottom of the ice plate upon the shock wave incidence when the bubble–ice distance is sufficiently small. The ice plate motion and its effect on the bubble behaviour were analysed. The ice plate motion results in higher jet speed and greater elongation of the bubble shape along the vertical direction. It also causes the bubble initiated close to the ice plate to split and emit multiple shock waves at the end of the collapse. The findings suggest that collapsing bubbles can be used as a brand new way of ice breaking.
Journal Article
I can make fantastic fliers
\"Introduces the reader on how to make flyers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Flow‐ and Fracture‐Driven Bubble Throat Growth Rates and Dynamic Permeability in Crystallizing Magma
Pyroclasts typically exhibit coalesced vesicle textures, which are the evidence of bubble coalescence and the incomplete bubble wall retraction in magma during volcanic eruptions. The sizes of bubble throats or inter‐bubble apertures in permeable networks control the extent of magma outgassing, and therefore, quantifying the growth rates of the bubble throats is important but has remained poorly constrained. Using dynamically similar experiments with spontaneous bursting of a single bubble in rheologically well‐characterized particulate suspensions, we investigate the growth rate of bubble throats for a range of particle volume fractions. For suspensions with ≲$\\lesssim $ 0.50 particle volume fraction, a circular hole (bubble throat) forms following bubble bursting, which after an initial fast growth starts plateauing at a throat‐bubble size ratio of ≳$\\gtrsim $ 0.20. The throat growth time scale overall increases with increasing particle volume fraction due to the increase in suspension viscosity. On the other hand, bubbles in suspensions with particle volume fraction near the maximum packing fraction (∼${\\sim} $ 0.64) exhibit a fracture‐like opening. Thus, our experimental results suggest that the plateauing of the bubble throat growth in crystal‐poor to crystal‐rich magma likely contributes to the wide occurrence of the incompletely retracted vesicle walls in pyroclasts. The implications of the flow‐ to fracture‐like growth of bubble throats on the development of dynamic permeability in magma are discussed. Plain Language Summary The loss of pressurized gas from magma can determine the explosivity of a volcanic eruption. The gas percolates through networks of connected bubbles in magma where the presence of crystals further affects the outgassing. The radius of the bubble throat or the inter‐bubble aperture in a bubble network controls the extent of this outgassing. Therefore, quantifying the growth time scales of bubble throats is important to better evaluate the eruptibility of magma. To investigate this, we perform laboratory experiments that are analogous to natural settings. Our results suggest that the time scales of the bubble throat growth are expected to increase with increasing crystal contents in magma. For densely crystalline magma, throat formation through fracturing is also expected. Thus, the outcomes from this study provide better insights into the time‐dependent loss of gas from crystallizing magmas. Key Points Experiments show growth of circular bubble throats in less dense suspensions as compared to fracture‐like opening in dense suspensions The bubble throat growth starts plateauing at a low throat‐bubble size ratio contributing to their wide occurrence in pyroclasts The time‐dependent growth of bubble throat can significantly affect dynamic permeability in crystallizing magmas
Journal Article