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"Budget Case studies."
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Legislatures and the budget process : the myth of fiscal control
\"From an institutional perspective, the book carries out comparative analysis of the power of the purse. It explores cross-national differences, their determinants and their impact on fiscal policy. The empirical analysis is based on a dataset of legislative budgeting in all 30 OECD countries, a broader 80-country dataset, and case study evidence\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Government financial management
Edited by A. Premchand, this collection of seminar papers and country studies examines recent developments in government accounting and financial management in selected industrial and developing countries. The country studies include Australia, Canada, China, India, Poland, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Latin American countries.
eBook
Participatory budgeting
In the past three or four decades, public finance theorists and practitioners have struggled to identify and design institutional arrangements to help close the gap between the preferences of voters and the mix of public services actually delivered. Participatory budgeting is potentially a good approach. This book presents an authoritative guide to the principles and practice of participatory budgeting, providing a careful analysis of the potentials of participatory budgeting in strengthening inclusive and accountable governance as well as risks associated with interest group capture of participatory processes. For interested policy makers and practitioners, the book presents the \"nuts and bolts\" of participatory budgeting. It provides a regional survey of such practices worldwide and draws lessons from seven individual country case studies.
eBook
Interest Rates and Budget Deficits
There is widespread belief that the high interest rates of the 1980s and 1990s in the developed world have been caused by high budget deficits. Yet, there is no conclusive evidence to support such a belief. This book systematically examines this and other questions relating to the behaviour of real interest rates in eleven developed countries. The results show that generalizations across the countries can be hazardous and strongly suggests that factors specific to individual countries are still of vital importance.
eBook
Class, tax, and power : municipal budgeting in the United States
Offering case studies of financial management in numerous American cities over a period of enormous growth and change, Irene Rubin explores the historical context of municipal budgeting in the United States and the political environment that conditions reform and problem solving at the local level.
eBook
Daytime atmospheric oxidation capacity in four Chinese megacities during the photochemically polluted season: a case study based on box model simulation
Atmospheric oxidation capacity is the basis for
converting freshly emitted substances into secondary products and is
dominated by reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH) during daytime. In
this study, we present in situ measurements of ROx radical (hydroxy OH,
hydroperoxy HO2, and organic peroxy RO2) precursors and products;
the measurements are carried out in four Chinese megacities (Beijing,
Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chongqing) during photochemically polluted seasons.
The atmospheric oxidation capacity is evaluated using an observation-based
model and radical chemistry precursor measurements as input. The radical
budget analysis illustrates the importance of HONO and HCHO photolysis,
which account for ∼50 % of the total primary radical
sources. The radical propagation is efficient due to abundant NO in urban
environments. Hence, the production rate of secondary pollutants, that is,
ozone (and fine-particle precursors (H2SO4, HNO3, and
extremely low volatility organic compounds, ELVOCs) is rapid, resulting in
secondary air pollution. The ozone budget demonstrates its high production
in urban areas; also, its rapid transport to downwind areas results in rapid
increase in local ozone concentrations. The O3–NOx–VOC (volatile
organic compound) sensitivity tests show that ozone production is
VOC-limited and that alkenes and aromatics should be mitigated first for
ozone pollution control in the four studied megacities. In contrast,
NOx emission control (that is, a decrease in NOx) leads to more
severe ozone pollution. With respect to fine-particle pollution, the role of
the HNO3–NO3 partitioning system is investigated using a thermal
dynamic model (ISORROPIA 2). Under high relative humidity (RH) and
ammonia-rich conditions, nitric acid converts into nitrates. This study
highlights the efficient radical chemistry that maintains the atmospheric
oxidation capacity in Chinese megacities and results in secondary pollution
characterized by ozone and fine particles.
Journal Article
Does Global Budget promote the construction of integrated healthcare delivery system? Evidence from Sanming, China
Background
The Chinese government is advancing the development of the County Medical Community (CMC) to establish an integrated healthcare delivery network and ensure health equity. Recently, Global Budget (GB) economic incentives have been implemented in CMC. Although the impact of GB on medical expenditure has been demonstrated, there is little evidence on whether GB promotes collaboration among various providers.
Methods
This article takes Sanming City, a typical example of China's healthcare reform, as a case study, and uses data from 2016 to 2023 on the operation of CMC. Interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate the long-term impact of GB on inpatient costs, cost structure and service delivery.
Results
The analyses indicate that, although the direct impact of the GB on inpatient costs is not significant, it sustains a rational structure of inpatient cost and optimizes the delivery of inpatient services at all levels of institutions. With respect to inpatient cost structure, the proportion of drug costs in secondary hospitals (SHs) (
β
3
= 0.127,
P
< 0.001) and tertiary hospitals (THs) (
β
3
= 0.120,
P
< 0.05) increased after the GB, the proportion of testing and inspection costs in primary healthcare institutions (PHIs) decreased (
β
3
= -0.215,
P
< 0.05). In terms of service delivery, the average length of stay in SHs (
β
3
= -0.053,
P
< 0.05) and THs (
β
3
= -0.032,
P
< 0.001) decreased, and the admission per 100 outpatients (
β
3
= 0.058,
P
< 0.001) in PHIs increased. The robustness analysis corroborated the robustness of the results.
Conclusions
This article provides empirical evidence that GB mechanisms can enhance service coordination among different levels of healthcare providers, which provides valuable lessons for promoting integrated healthcare and achieving health equity in China and in low- and middle-income countries.
Journal Article
Contingent Valuation: From Dubious to Hopeless
Approximately 20 years ago, Peter Diamond and I wrote an article for this journal analyzing contingent valuation methods. At that time Peter's view was that contingent valuation was hopeless, while I was dubious but somewhat more optimistic. But 20 years later, after millions of dollars of largely government-funded research, I have concluded that Peter's earlier position was correct and that contingent valuation is hopeless. In this paper, I selectively review the contingent valuation literature, focusing on empirical results. I find that three long-standing problems continue to exist: 1) hypothetical response bias that leads contingent valuation to overstatements of value; 2) large differences between willingness to pay and willingness to accept; and 3) the embedding problem which encompasses scope problems. The problems of embedding and scope are likely to be the most intractable. Indeed, I believe that respondents to contingent valuation surveys are often not responding out of stable or well-defined preferences, but are essentially inventing their answers on the fly, in a way which makes the resulting data useless for serious analysis. Finally, I offer a case study of a prominent contingent valuation study done by recognized experts in this approach, a study that should be only minimally affected by these concerns but in which the answers of respondents to the survey are implausible and inconsistent.
Journal Article
The effect of sustainable mobility transition policies on cumulative urban transport emissions and energy demand
The growing urban transport sector presents towns and cities with an escalating challenge in the reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions. Here we assess the effectiveness of several widely considered policy options (electrification, light-weighting, retrofitting, scrapping, regulated manufacturing standards and modal shift) in achieving the transition to sustainable urban mobility in terms of their emissions and energy impact until 2050. Our analysis investigates the severity of actions needed to comply with Paris compliant regional sub-sectoral carbon budgets. We introduce the Urban Transport Policy Model (UTPM) for passenger car fleets and use London as an urban case study to show that current policies are insufficient to meet climate targets. We conclude that, as well as implementation of emission-reducing changes in vehicle design, a rapid and large-scale reduction in car use is necessary to meet stringent carbon budgets and avoid high energy demand. Yet, without increased consensus in sub-national and sectoral carbon budgets, the scale of reduction necessary stays uncertain. Nevertheless, it is certain we need to act urgently and intensively across all policy mechanisms available as well as developing new policy options.
A rapid and large-scale reduction in car use, within a well-designed policy mix, is necessary to achieve short-term emission targets and reduce energy demand. Here, the authors introduce the Urban Transport Policy Model and demonstrate, using London as a case study, that current policies will not meet climate targets.
Journal Article