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Reaping the Whirlwind: The Fallout from the Invasion of Iraq for British Relations across the Middle East
This chapter contains sections titled:
I: Inside Iraq
The Iraq war
Britain's predicament
II: Around the region
Britain and Iran: from rapprochement to animosity
British relations with Syria and Libya
Countering terrorism: British relations with Jordan and Egypt
Book Chapter
Analysis of Financial Crowding Out in the Iraqi Economy for the Period 2004 – 2022
The Iraqi economy’s performance is impacted by the rivalry between public and private investment, which raises the country’s debt and reduces private investment, which in turn slows economic growth. As a result, the subject of crowding out is closely tied to both the public and private sectors and how they affect the country’s economy. To determine whether financial crowding out has occurred and whether there is a reciprocal relationship between government credit and private credit, this research focused on confirming the existence of financial crowding out through the levels of government credit and private credit in Iraq. Imbalances in the dynamic term of the agreement result in the long-term achievement of the difference, and the existence of integration implies the existence of a different economic connection. In both the short and long terms, there was a considerable inverse relationship between government credit and private credit, according to trends and conventional tests like the direction of the error limit mitigation (VECM) and (Wald). Due to the rise in government credit at the expense of private credit in the Iraqi economy, it produces outcomes that are comparable to those of a crowding-out model for financial credit.
Journal Article
Breaking the budget chains: Empowering Iraqi small- and medium-sized enterprises through Beyond Budgeting
BackgroundTraditional budgeting has faced criticism, leading researchers to explore alternative management control methods such as Beyond Budgeting. Despite its potential benefits, Beyond Budgeting adoption remains limited.AimThis research investigates Beyond Budgeting’s effect on Iraqi small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) performance, focusing on competitive advantage.SettingThe study targets Iraqi SMEs, considering their diverse business landscape. A random sample of 353 accountants was chosen from a research community of 22 974 individuals. SPSS and AMOS 26 software and a custom questionnaire were used.MethodThe authors conducted multiple linear regression analysis and Structural Equation Modeling to address our study’s objectives. Additionally, we utilised maximum likelihood procedures to assess factor loadings, construct validity and reliability.ResultsBeyond Budgeting implementation significantly affected both financial and nonfinancial performance. It demonstrated positive effects on cost leadership and competitive advantage differentiation. However, an indirect negative impact on nonfinancial performance was observed through the influence on cost leadership, suggesting a trade-off between cost reduction and other nonfinancial factors.ConclusionThe study acknowledges limitations in sample size and the need for considering additional factors. Further research is required to understand Beyond Budgeting’s limited adoption in Iraq. The study contributes valuable insights on Beyond Budgeting as a substitute for traditional approaches, benefiting managers and policymakers.ContributionThis study emphasises Beyond Budgeting’s significant impact on Iraqi SME performance, highlighting the relationship between Beyond Budgeting, competitive advantage strategies, financial and nonfinancial performance. The findings provide insights for enhancing budgeting practices in Iraqi SMEs.
Journal Article
Oil Exports, Political Issues, and Stock Market Nexus
This study investigates the influence of oil export and political issues on Iraq's stock exchange using various Ordinary Least Square regression models. The empirical results show that the model's effect is not similar based on the explanatory variables included, such as the Covid-19 outbreak, financial crisis, parliament elections, and ISIS emergence are not significant. In contrast, the internal conflict, oil export, and oil prices are substantial effects on the index of the Iraq stock exchange from (2004 to 2021); researchers in the literature have neglected this market due to its novel establishment after (2003). Moreover, the market capitalization still considers very small compared to the regional financial markets. The study contributes to the existing knowledge because most studies on stock market determinants consider political, economic, democratic, or governmental factors. In contrast, here, most elements included using new measurements, such as the internal conflict by cutting off the financial share of the Kurdistan region from the central state budget. Finally, the analysis incorporates the conclusions with straightforward suggestions that policymakers can use, government, investors, and supervisors to control the stock market risk.
Journal Article
Physical rehabilitation services in Iraq
[...]the Ministry of Higher Education in collaboration with the ICRC will reassess teaching institutes for prosthetists and orthotists and physiotherapy, and adapt the teaching methods and curriculum to international standards of academic reference.
Journal Article