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"Buildings. Public works"
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Yale University : an architectural tour
\"Author and photographer Patrick L. Pinnell beautifully captures Yale's and New Haven's architecture and urbanism across more than 300 years. The guide also reveals much about the academic aspirations and educational philosophy that helped shape the buildings of Yale. The visitor will be guided on an insider's tour of the campus, and alumni will delight in new insights about their alma mater\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Geopolymers and other alkali activated materials: why, how, and what?
This paper presents a review of alkali-activation technology, moving from the atomic scale and chemical reaction path modelling, towards macroscopic observables such as strength and durability of alkali-activated concretes. These properties and length scales are intrinsically interlinked, and so the chemistry of both low-calcium (‘geopolymer’) and high-calcium (blast furnace slag-derived) alkali-activated binders can be used as a starting point from which certain engineering properties may be discussed and explained. These types of materials differ in chemistry, binder properties, chemical structure and microstructure, and this leads to the specific material properties of each type of binder. The secondary binder products formed during alkali-activation (zeolites in low-Ca systems, mostly layered double hydroxides in alkali-activated slags) are of significant importance in determining the final properties of the materials, particularly in the context of durability. The production of highly durable concretes must remain the fundamental aim of research and development in the area of alkali-activation. However, to enable the term ‘highly durable’ to be defined in a satisfactory way, the underlying mechanisms of degradation—which are not always the same for alkali-activated binders as for Portland cement-based binders, and cannot always be tested in precisely the same ways—need to be further analysed and understood. The process of reviewing a topic such as this will inevitably raise just as many questions as answers, and it is the intention of this paper to present both, in appropriate context.
Journal Article
Vienna's Ringstrasse : the book
\"This publication is released on the 150th anniversary of the inauguration of the Ringstrasse 1865.\"
Book
Cement and carbon emissions
Because of its low cost, its ease of use and relative robustness to misuse, its versatility, and its local availability, concrete is by far the most widely used building material in the world today. Intrinsically, concrete has a very low energy and carbon footprint compared to most other materials. However, the volume of Portland cement required for concrete construction makes the cement industry a large emitter of CO
2
. The International Energy Agency recently proposed a global CO
2
reduction plan. This plan has three main elements: long term CO
2
targets, a sectorial approach based on the lowest cost to society, and technology roadmaps that demonstrate the means to achieve the CO
2
reductions. For the cement industry, this plan calls for a reduction in CO
2
emissions from 2 Gt in 2007 to 1.55 Gt in 2050, while over the same period cement production is projected to increase by about 50 %. The authors of the cement industry roadmap point out that the extrapolation of existing technologies (fuel efficiency, alternative fuels and biomass, and clinker substitution) will only take us half the way towards these goals. According to the roadmap, the industry will have to rely on costly and unproven carbon capture and storage technologies for the other half of the required reduction. This will result in significant additional costs for society. Most of the CO
2
footprint of cement is due to the decarbonation of limestone during the clinkering process. Designing new clinkers that require less limestone is one means to significantly reduce the CO
2
footprint of cement and concrete. A new class of clinkers described in this paper can reduce CO
2
emissions by 20 to 30 % when compared to the manufacture of traditional PC Clinker.
Journal Article
Microstructural changes in alkali activated fly ash/slag geopolymers with sulfate exposure
Sulfate attack is recognized as a significant threat to many concrete structures, and often takes place in soil or marine environments. However, the understanding of the behavior of alkali-activated and geopolymer materials in sulfate-rich environments is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the performance of alkali silicate-activated fly ash/slag geopolymer binders subjected to different forms of sulfate exposure, specifically, immersion in 5 wt% magnesium sulfate or 5 wt% sodium sulfate solutions, for 3 months. Extensive physical deterioration of the pastes is observed during immersion in MgSO
4
solution, but not in Na
2
SO
4
solution. Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) forms in pastes immersed in MgSO
4
, and its expansive effects are identified as being particularly damaging to the material, but it is not observed in Na
2
SO
4
environments. A lower water/binder (
w
/
b
) ratio leads to a greatly enhanced resistance to degradation by sulfate attack. Infrared spectroscopy shows some significant changes in the silicate gel bonding environment of geopolymers immersed in MgSO
4
, attributed mostly to decalcification processes, but less changes upon exposure to sodium sulfate. It appears that the process of ‘sulfate attack’ on geopolymer binders is strongly dependent on the cation accompanying the sulfate, and it is suggested that a distinction should be drawn between ‘magnesium sulfate attack’ (where both Mg
2+
and SO
4
2−
are capable of inducing damage in the structure), and general processes related to the presence of sulfate accompanied by other, non-damaging cations. The alkali-activated fly ash/slag binders tested here are susceptible to the first of these modes of attack, but not the second.
Journal Article
Seeking Chicago : the stories behind the architecture of the Windy City--one building at a time
\"Chicago is possibly the most important American city for experiencing important architectural masterpieces. There are numerous ways to learn about its architectural heritage, from museums to curated walking and driving tours and even a boat tour. While the basic factual histories of Chicago's landmarks are fairly well known, there are additional layers of history--often with dramatic human interest angles--that don't always get included in the \"official\" tours. Tom Miller tells the story of Chicago's rich architectural and social history building by building. The stories behind the city's buildings is an impressive architectural history reading and a dramatic sampling of American social history--family feuds, scandals, and mob hits. He excels at uncovering the dramas that have unfolded within the architecture and detailing them to tell an engaging and largely unknown side of Chicago's history\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete
This paper presents the experimental results concerning the mix design and fresh properties of a high-performance fibre-reinforced fine-aggregate concrete for printing concrete. This concrete has been designed to be extruded through a nozzle to build layer-by-layer structural components. The printing process is a novel digitally controlled additive manufacturing method which can build architectural and structural components without formwork, unlike conventional concrete construction methods. The most critical fresh properties are shown to be extrudability and buildability, which have mutual relationships with workability and open time. These properties are significantly influenced by the mix proportions and the presence of superplasticiser, retarder, accelerator and polypropylene fibres. An optimum mix is identified and validated by the full-scale manufacture of a bench component.
Journal Article
Building Great Schools for a Great City
The New York City School Construction Authority's (SCA) mission is to design and construct safe, attractive, and environmentally sound public schools for children throughout the communities of the City's five boroughs.0Since its creation in 1988, the SCA has kept moving forward, constantly innovating to ensure that it designs and builds schools that meet the current needs of the City's students and teachers. In addition to building and modernizing educational facilities, the SCA is invested in developing much-needed resources and capacity building mechanisms for engaging diverse communities in the construction process. The SCA maintains one of the most successful small business development programs in the country and recently established a workforce development and small business initiative for college students.0As the SCA celebrates its 30-year anniversary, its primary goal remains the same as on the day of its creation: to ensure that all children in the country's largest public school system have the facilities necessary to prepare them for the twenty-first century and beyond.0.
Book
A Review of Dynamic Experimental Techniques and Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Materials
The purpose of this review is to discuss the development and the state of the art in dynamic testing techniques and dynamic mechanical behaviour of rock materials. The review begins by briefly introducing the history of rock dynamics and explaining the significance of studying these issues. Loading techniques commonly used for both intermediate and high strain rate tests and measurement techniques for dynamic stress and deformation are critically assessed in Sects.
2
and
3
. In Sect.
4
, methods of dynamic testing and estimation to obtain stress–strain curves at high strain rate are summarized, followed by an in-depth description of various dynamic mechanical properties (e.g. uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength and fracture toughness) and corresponding fracture behaviour. Some influencing rock structural features (i.e. microstructure, size and shape) and testing conditions (i.e. confining pressure, temperature and water saturation) are considered, ending with some popular semi-empirical rate-dependent equations for the enhancement of dynamic mechanical properties. Section
5
discusses physical mechanisms of strain rate effects. Section
6
describes phenomenological and mechanically based rate-dependent constitutive models established from the knowledge of the stress–strain behaviour and physical mechanisms. Section
7
presents dynamic fracture criteria for quasi-brittle materials. Finally, a brief summary and some aspects of prospective research are presented.
Journal Article