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"Bull shark."
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The bull shark
\"Engaging images accompany information about the bull shark. The combination of high-interest subject matter and narrative text is intended for students in grades 3 through 7\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Environmental predictive models for shark attacks in Australian waters
Shark attacks are rare but traumatic events that generate social and economic costs and often lead to calls for enhanced attack mitigation strategies that are detrimental to sharks and other wildlife. Improved understanding of the influence of environmental conditions on shark attack risk may help to inform shark management strategies. Here, we developed predictive models for the risk of attack by white Carcharodon carcharias, tiger Galeocerdo cuvier, and bull/whaler Carcharhinus spp. sharks in Australian waters based on location, sea surface temperature (SST), rainfall, and distance to river mouth. A generalised additive model analysis was performed using shark attack data and randomly generated pseudo-absence non-attack data. White shark attack risk was significantly higher in warmer SSTs, increased closer to a river mouth (>10 km), and peaked at a mean monthly rainfall of 100 mm. Whaler shark attack risk increased significantly within 1 km of a river mouth and peaked in the summer months. Tiger shark attack risk increased significantly with rainfall. We performed additional temporal and spatio-temporal analyses to test the hypothesis that SST anomaly (SSTanom) influences white shark attack risk, and found that attacks tend to occur at locations where there is a lower SSTanom (i.e. the water is relatively cooler) compared to surrounding areas. On the far north coast of eastern Australia—an attack hotspot—a strengthening of the East Australian Current may cause white sharks to move into cooler up-welling waters close to this stretch of the coast and increase the risk of an attack.
Journal Article
Bull shark
With information suited to the abilities and interests of its primary-grade audience, this fact-filled book gives readers a chance to learn about the lives of these underwater hunters. The book will also help readers develop their powers of observation and challenge them with activities and critical-thinking questions about the shark's physical characteristics, its everyday life, and its hunting abilities.
Book
Predicting changes in distribution of a large coastal shark in the face of the strengthening East Australian Current
In the face of accelerating climate change, conservation strategies will need to consider how marine animals deal with forecast environmental change as well as ongoing threats. We used 10 yr (2009−2018) of data from commercial fisheries and a bather protection program along the coast of New South Wales (NSW), southeastern Australia, to investigate (1) spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence in bull sharks and (2) environmental factors affecting bull shark occurrence along the coast of NSW. Predicted future distribution for this species was modelled for the forecast strengthening East Australian Current. Bull sharks were mostly harvested in small to larger estuaries, with average depth and rainfall responsible for contrasting patterns for each of the fisheries. There was an increase in the occurrence of bull sharks over the last decade, particularly among coastal setline fisheries, associated with seasonal availability of thermal gradients >22°C and both westward and southward coastal currents stronger than 0.15 and 0.60 m s−1, respectively, during the austral summer. Our model predicts a 3 mo increase in the availability of favourable water temperatures along the entire coast of NSW for bull sharks by 2030. This coastline provides a uniquely favourable topography for range expansion in the face of a southerly shift of warmer waters, and habitat is unlikely to be a limiting factor for bull sharks in the future. Such a southerly shift in distribution has implications for the management of bull sharks both in commercial fisheries and for mitigation of shark−human interactions.
Journal Article
Bull sharks
Introduces readers to facts about bull sharks, including physical features, habitat, life cycle, food, and more.
Book
Bull sharks
\"This photo-illustrated book describes the vicious bull shark. Explains their life cycle, how they hunt prey, and the danger they can be to ocean and river swimmers. Includes information on work being done to protect this shark from overfishing\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Environmental drivers of abundance and residency of a large migratory shark, Carcharhinus leucas, inshore of a dynamic western boundary current
Understanding the environmental drivers of movement of potentially dangerous shark species can help inform mitigation strategies. Bull sharks are known to undertake seasonal migrations from tropical to temperate waters along the east coast of Australia. However, the environmental drivers of their movements from sub-tropical to temperate waters are unknown. Using multi-year (2010–2016) acoustic telemetry data from 68 bull sharks and generalised additive models, we evaluate the (1) temporal and (2) environmental variables that drive shark abundance, presence/absence and residency along the south-eastern coast of Australia. Bull sharks were detected in sub-tropical waters (∼28°S) almost year-round but were most abundant in the southern latitudes in the austral summer and autumn. Abundance, presence and residency were all highest around the latitudes that sharks were tagged, indicating a bias to tagging location, and at estuary mouths and mid-shelf (20–60 m water depth) habitats. Bull sharks were present when sea surface temperature (SST) was 20–26°C, with peak abundance at 24°C, and low chlorophyll a (chl a). There was a higher abundance of sharks in months when SST was higher than the long-term average. Residency duration was longest when SST was <22°C or >24°C, and in areas of low SST slope (<3°C) and chl a slope. Although no sex bias in residency time was detected, sharks <200 cm TL had the longest residency times. These results provide the power to predict when and where bull shark abundance may be higher, which can help management authorities deploy mitigation strategies for bull shark interactions along eastern Australia.
Journal Article
In search of bull sharks
Introduces readers to the bull shark, which is considered to be the most dangerous shark in the world. Aggressive and able to live in both salt water and freshwater, these sharks are both incredible and deadly. This book will introduce readers to bull shark behavior, diet, and anatomy, as well as their fearsome hunting habits.
Book
Residency and spatial distribution of bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas in and around Reunion Island marine protected area
A sudden increase in the rates of shark attacks on humans at Reunion Island has been blamed by some on the implementation of a marine protected area (MPA) along the island’s west coast, where attacks, primarily by bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas, were concentrated. We used passive acoustic telemetry to investigate the spatial distribution of bull sharks (N = 36) by quantifying their residency and their frequentation of the MPA and compared it to outside of the MPA. Over the study duration of 17 mo, 18 sharks were detected in the acoustic receiver array, most of which were detected more frequently outside the MPA (N = 148; mean ± SD = 41.5 ± 56.4 visits mo−1 and 17.6 ± 30.5 h mo−1) than inside the MPA (N = 218; 21.4 ± 28.1 visits mo−1 and 7.2 ± 15.2 h mo−1). However, we found individual variation in the sharks’ use of the MPA. Thirteen sharks spent more time outside the MPA than inside, while 5 sharks (all females) spent significantly more time inside the MPA. These results suggest that the spatial distribution of bull sharks is not primarily centered in the MPA along the west coast of Reunion Island, although we identified specific locations where bull shark encounter probabilities are relatively high during particular times of the year. Such higher-risk areas could be targeted as part of the risk management strategy for changes in human uses in order to reduce the risks of negative shark−human interactions observed during the past decade.
Journal Article