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Ballistics
\"A shooting has occurred. Investigators have not yet found evidence. Then they look in a storm drain and find shell casings. They put the casings in a paper bag and send them to the lab to be analyzed. Find out about the techniques and tools ballistics experts use to help bring even the toughest cases to a close\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Ricochet of AK bullets (7.62 MM X 39 MM) on glazed ceramic tiles: An empirical study in support of shooting incident reconstructions
•This study presents the first bullet ricochet study with ceramic tiles.•Critical angles for wall and floor tiles were 16.0 degrees and 10.0 degrees respectively.•Ricocheting bullets off ceramic tiles at low incident angles produce craters as if orthogonal impacts.•Chisum trail and bullet wipe marks observed in AK ricochet marks on wall tiles.•The “Nucleus Bullet Ricochet Mark’ on floor tiles is first introduced in the study.
Indoor environments provide numerous hard surfaces and nearby objects which facilitate the shots fired to ricochet off and hit victims. Out of many surface types, ceramic tile surfaces are considered to be one of the most commonly available and encountered surface type in indoor shootings. However, no studies had attempted to understand the ricochet behaviour and surface evidence of ceramic tiles with any bullet type. This study explores the ricochet behaviour of one of the most commonly reported bullet type in recent shooting incidents; AK bullets (7.62 mm × 39 mm/ M43) on two glazed ceramic tile samples used for indoor walls and flooring. The study’s results present the critical angles of glazed ceramic floor and wall tile samples along with a few significant and currently not reported ricochet-surface mark characteristics with greater forensic significance for use in AK gun-related ricochet investigations. This study further emphasises the need for case-by-case empirical approaches to understanding the ricochet behaviour of different bullet-target combinations during ricochet investigations. The study also opens up a new research area to explore whether the observed results are common to steel core AK bullets or common to other ammunition types and tile surfaces with different compositions.
Journal Article
Behaviour of 7.62x39mm tracer and API bullets in soft tissue
Some bullets, called tracer and API bullets, contain a pyrotechnical charge. The charge in the bottom of a tracer bullet burns in flight and enables the shooter or an observer to see the bullet’s trajectory. An Armor Piercing Incendiary (API) bullet contains a hard core and a pyrotechnical charge that ignites on impact with a hard target. These bullets are designed to both pierce armor and ignite combustible materials. Both tracer and API bullets are quintessentially military ammunition, but some 7.62x39mm caliber variants are occasionally used in crimes. This fact triggered a study on the behavior of these bullets in soft tissue. Two different types of tracer bullets and two different types of API bullets were tested. The tracer bullets behaved similarly in a soft tissue simulant, in terms of energy transfer and deflection. These bullets deflected more from their original trajectory than the tested API bullets and the full metal jacket (FMJ) bullets that were tested as a reference. The two types of API bullets behaved completely different in the soft tissue simulant, especially in terms of energy transfer. One type yawed very late in the simulant and stayed intact, transferring little kinetic energy. The other type yawed early and disintegrated in the simulant, transferring much more of its kinetic energy, causing massive tissue (simulant) disruption. The difference in bullet behaviour was caused by a small but important difference in bullet design with the two types of API bullets.
•7.62x39mm tracer bullets change course very strongly in soft tissue.•7.62x39mm API bullets can yaw very late in soft tissue, depending on their design.•7.62x39mm API bullets can disintegrate in soft tissue, depending on their design.
Journal Article
The persistent problem of lead poisoning in birds from ammunition and fishing tackle
Lead (Pb) is a metabolic poison that can negatively influence biological processes, leading to illness and mortality across a large spectrum of North American avifauna (>120 species) and other organisms. Pb poisoning can result from numerous sources, including ingestion of bullet fragments and shot pellets left in animal carcasses, spent ammunition left in the field, lost fishing tackle, Pb-based paints, large-scale mining, and Pb smelting activities. Although Pb shot has been banned for waterfowl hunting in the United States (since 1991) and Canada (since 1999), Pb exposure remains a problem for many avian species. Despite a large body of scientific literature on exposure to Pb and its toxicological effects on birds, controversy still exists regarding its impacts at a population level. We explore these issues and highlight areas in need of investigation: (1) variation in sensitivity to Pb exposure among bird species; (2) spatial extent and sources of Pb contamination in habitats in relation to bird exposure in those same locations; and (3) interactions between avian Pb exposure and other landscape-level stressors that synergistically affect bird demography. We explore multiple paths taken to reduce Pb exposure in birds that (1) recognize common ground among a range of affected interests; (2) have been applied at local to national scales; and (3) engage governmental agencies, interest groups, and professional societies to communicate the impacts of Pb ammunition and fishing tackle, and to describe approaches for reducing their availability to birds. As they have in previous times, users of fish and wildlife will play a key role in resolving the Pb poisoning issue.
Journal Article
Gunshot injury to the colon by expanding bullets in combat patients wounded in hybrid period of the Russian-Ukrainian war during 2014–2020
Background
A gunshot wound to the colon is a frequent injury in armed conflicts. An example of a high-energy modern weapon is hollow-point bullets, which is associated with increased tissue damage and lethal outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate gunshot injuries to the colon in combat patients and to assess the difference in clinical features of patients with colon injuries by hollow-point versus shape-stable bullets.
Patients and methods
Analyses of clinical data were performed on 374 male soldiers from the Armed Forces of Ukraine with gunshot abdominal wounds with injury to the colon in East Ukraine between 2014 and 2020. Out of 374 injured, 112 (29.9%) patients were diagnosed with penetrating gunshot bullet wounds: 69/112 (61.6%) were injured by shape-stable bullets, and the hollow-point bullets injured 43/112 (38.4%) patients.
Results
More severe hemorrhagic shock stages were in patients injured by hollow-point bullets: shock stages III-IV was in 25 (58.1%) patients injured by the hollow-point bullets
vs.
17 (24.6%) patients injured by shape-stable bullets (p = 0.0004). Left colon parts were more frequently injured as compared to the right colon side or transverse colon: 21 (48.8%) patients were injured by the hollow-point bullets (p < 0.0001), and 41 (59.4%) patients were injured by the shape-stable bullets (p = 0.032). A significant difference was identified for the frequent injury to the middle colon within the entire cohort (p = 0.023). Patients injured by the hollow-point bullets demonstrated a higher frequency of 3–5 areas of colon gunshot defects, which was detected in 18 (41.8%) patients injured by hollow-point bullets and none with shape-stable bullets injury (p = 0.0001). Colon Injury Scale (CIS) IV was detected in 7 (16.3%) patients injured by the hollow-point bullets as compared to 2 (2.9%) patients injured by shape-stable bullets (p = 0.011). Colostomy was performed in 14 (69%) patients injured by shape-stable bullets and in 12 (27.9%) patients injured by hollow-point bullets (p > 0.05). 15 (35%) patients died after injury by the hollow-point bullet, whereas 9 (13%) patients after damage by the shape-stable bullets (p = 0.0089).
Conclusions
All patients should be suspected to have an injury by bullet with expanding properties in case of penetrating abdominal injury (absent of outlet wound) and careful revision of the abdomen must be performed to identify possible multiorgan injury as well as multiple gunshot defects of the intestine.
Journal Article
Living Crystals of Light-Activated Colloidal Surfers
Spontaneous formation of colonies of bacteria or flocks of birds are examples of self-organization in active living matter. Here, we demonstrate a form of self-organization from nonequilibrium driving forces in a suspension of synthetic photoactivated colloidal particles. They lead to two-dimensional \"living crystals,\" which form, break, explode, and re-form elsewhere. The dynamic assembly results from a competition between self-propulsion of particles and an attractive interaction induced respectively by osmotic and phoretic effects and activated by light. We measured a transition from normal to giant-number fluctuations. Our experiments are quantitatively described by simple numerical simulations. We show that the existence of the living crystals is intrinsically related to the out-of-equilibrium collisions of the self-propelled particles.
Journal Article
Effects of lead from ammunition on birds and other wildlife
Poisoning of wild birds following ingestion of lead from ammunition has long been recognised and considerable recent research has focused on terrestrial birds, including raptors and scavengers. This paper builds upon previous reviews and finds that both the number of taxa affected and geographical spread of cases has increased. Some lead may also be absorbed from embedded ammunition fragments in injured birds which risk sub-lethal and welfare effects. Some papers suggest inter-specific differences in sensitivity to lead, although it is difficult to disentangle these from other factors that influence effect severity. Sub-lethal effects have been found at lower blood lead concentrations than previously reported, suggesting that previous effect-level ‘thresholds’ should be abandoned or revised. Lead poisoning is estimated to kill a million wildfowl a year in Europe and cause sub-lethal poisoning in another ≥ 3 million. Modelling and correlative studies have supported the potential for population-level effects of lead poisoning in wildfowl, terrestrial birds, raptors and scavengers.
Journal Article