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Meet the bus driver = Te presento a los conductores de autobús
Easy-to-follow text, presented in both English and standard Latin American Spanish, introduces beginning readers to a variety of bus drivers, and a helpful picture glossary is included to strengthen vocabulary skills.
Book
Predicting Fuel Consumption by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Based on the Regular City Bus Lines
This article discusses the application of an ANN model for forecasting the fuel consumption of vehicles on the regular city bus lines. In the context of rising fuel costs and their impact on transportation companies, the developed system supports the optimization of fuel consumption standards and fleet management. The model accounts for prediction factors such as route length [km], number of bus stops, probability of traffic jams [from 1—low to 3—high], ambient temperature [°C], from external database, technical state of the vehicle [from 1—good to 5—bad], type of petrol [1—ON; 2—E95], filling of the vehicle/number of passengers [from 1—empty to 5—full]. Based on this these data, the presented model was developed. The system analyzes input, generates reports, and identifies potential issues, including excessive fuel consumption or fuel theft. Its modular design allows for further development and adaptation to user needs. Implementing this solution enhances operational efficiency, reduces costs, and optimizes transportation management.
Journal Article
Power flow calculation based on local controller impedance features for the AC microgrid with distributed generations
In AC microgrid, since the impedance features of the power electronic converter are not considered, the accuracy of power flow calculation is degraded. Thus, this study, firstly presents a power flow calculation approach based on local controller impedance features for the AC microgrid consisting of numerous distributed generations. Firstly, the source-side equivalent output impedance matrix of the converter is estimated by small-signal perturbation approach and the equivalent transformation among the dq axis, $\\alpha \\beta $αβ axis and abc axis. Then, the bus–bus line impedance model is proposed by converting the bus line equivalent impedance model. Moreover, the equivalent impedance model is embedded into Jacobian matrix iterative process to improve the accuracy of the power flow calculation approach. Eventually, the power flow calculation based on local controller impedance features is simulated by IEEE 4-bus MATLAB/Simulink test system, PG&E 69-bus test system and IEEE 118-bus test system, indicating that the proposed power flow calculation approach is more accurate.
Journal Article
The Relationship between the Evaluation of Public Transport Services and Travel-Based COsub.2 Emissions from Private Transport Modes in Regional and Metropolitan Areas in Japan
Promoting public transport use is expected to contribute to reducing CO[sub.2] emissions in the transport sector. Using Okayama City and Central Tokyo as representative case studies of regional and metropolitan areas in Japan, this study examines the impact of the evaluation of the ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ attributes of rail and bus services on the overall evaluation. This study then explores the relationship between the overall evaluation and usage frequency of rail and bus services, as well as the relationship between the usage frequency and travel-based CO[sub.2] emissions from private transport modes. Furthermore, this study investigates whether the emissions cause differences in the evaluation of the ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ attributes of public transport services. The findings suggest prioritising an improvement in ‘hard’ rather than ‘soft’ attributes in order to reduce emissions through the use of public transport in regional areas. However, in metropolitan areas, no relationship was found between the evaluation of public transport services and emissions, presumably because of the lower ownership rate of private cars that residents can use freely and the markedly higher level of rail and bus services. This study provides a methodological reference for analysing the potential to reduce travel-based emissions from private transport modes by enhancing public transport service contents.
Journal Article
A Study on the Viability of Adopting Battery Electric Vehicles in Bus Rapid Transit in Brazil Using the AHP Method
Public transport is essential to provide urban mobility, and cities need to offer a fast, comfortable, secure, and low-pollutant public transport mode to attract passengers and reduce private car use. Despite metros, trains, and light rail systems being desirable, the cost of implementation and low flexibility make bus services the best option for many cities. One solution for improving bus service systems is the implementation of bus rapid transit systems that are composed of buses running in segregated lines with pre-payment fares and level boarding platforms in stations. However, the main challenge of bus systems is the use of engines fueled by diesel, which is extremely polluted. One possible solution is the use of battery buses; but are they really feasible regarding daily operation cost? In this paper, we investigate the adoption of battery buses in comparison to diesel engines in a BRT system using municipal data from São Paulo, Brazil, as a reference. We collected operational data from the Sao Paulo city government transport agency and data from the literature to produce an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model, which allowed us to compare both systems. The AHP model considered a triple-bottom-line perspective using social, economic, and environmental impact criteria. The result showed that the initial costs of acquisition can be a barrier, but in the long run, cities adopting battery buses in their BRT system can benefit from the effects of reduction in gas emissions and longer lifetimes of electric bus components. Moreover, the results showed that the adoption of battery buses in BRT systems depends on local government subsidies being implemented.
Journal Article
Influence of Loading, Regeneration and Recalling Elements Processes on the System Behavior of All Optical Data Bus Line System Random Access Memory
The most powerful computer is in a very big need for a reliable random access memory (RAM) which can buffer digital data in. All optical RAM design is introduced in three phases. Those are the loading process phase which describes how data will be entering the closed trap from the line bus. The regeneration process phase which describes how data trapped are regenerated to not to lose its power or get a distortion. As well as the recalling process which describes how trapped data be handled to the line bus is also introduced.
Journal Article
Fully Autonomous Buses: A Literature Review and Future Research Directions
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a new, growing segment of transportation research. While there have been prior studies and deployments of AVs worldwide, full autonomy in bus transit has gained interest among researchers and practitioners within the last decade, which presents an opportunity to synthesize early trends. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to provide a review of the latest research on fully autonomous buses to summarize findings and identify gaps needing future research. Forty studies were reviewed in detail, and five main themes were identified, which are (1) technology deployment; (2) user acceptance; (3) safety; (4) social and economic aspects; and (5) regulations, policies, and legal issues. The results reveal that most prior studies have focused on technology development, and the area of regulation and policy would benefit from additional study. Noteworthy differences between research in Europe and the United States were also identified. In Europe, large funded projects involving real-world deployments have focused on user acceptance, security and safety, costs, and related legal issues, whereas in the United States, research has primarily concentrated on simulation modelling with limited real-world deployments. The results of this review are important for policy-makers and researchers as AV technology continues to evolve and become more widely available.
Journal Article
Intention to adopt electric transportation services by university students in emerging countries
This study analyzed the factors influencing university students’ intention to use electric bus services to commute to campuses in developing countries, specifically in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia. A technology adoption model was proposed that integrates variables from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), which helps in understanding, predicting, and explaining the acceptance and use of technologies, thus facilitating the design of strategies to improve adoption in various contexts. Data were collected from 1,158 students across different academic fields, genders, and academic levels in the countries studied. The analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling with the partial least squares technique. The key factors assessed included attitudes toward electric vehicles, perceived risk, consumer characteristics, emotions, hyperbolic discounting, intention to use electric transport, and social influence. The findings provide valuable insights into the determinants of electric transportation service adoption among university students and offer guidance for implementing sustainable transportation solutions in educational institutions in developing countries.
Journal Article
Personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution in three Canadian bus transit systems: the Urban Transportation Exposure Study
AbstractBackgroundExposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is associated with increased incidence of several cardiopulmonary diseases. The elevated TRAP exposures of commuting environments can result in significant contributions to daily exposures.ObjectivesTo assess the personal TRAP exposures (UFPs, BC, PM2.5, and PM10) of the bus transit systems of Toronto, Ottawa, and Vancouver, Canada. Personal exposure models estimated the contribution of bus commuting to daily TRAP exposures. Associations between bus type and riding exposures and bus stop/station type and waiting exposures were estimated.ResultsBus commuting (4.6% of the day) contributed ~59%(SD = 15%), 60%(SD = 20%), and 57%(SD = 18%) of daily PM2.5-Ba and 70%(SD = 19%), 64%(SD = 15%), and 70%(SD = 15%) of daily PM2.5-Fe, in Toronto, Ottawa, and Vancouver, respectively. Enclosed bus stations were found to be hotspots of PM2.5 and BC. Buses with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and hybrid diesel/electric propulsion were found to have significantly lower in-bus PM2.5, UFP, and BC relative to 1983–2003 diesel buses in each city with the exception of UFP in Vancouver.SignificancePersonal exposures for traffic-related air pollutants were assessed for three Canadian bus transit systems. In each system, bus commuting was estimated to contribute significantly toward daily exposures of fine-fraction Ba and Fe as well as BC. Exposures while riding were associated with bus type for several pollutants in each city. These associations suggest the use of hybrid diesel/electric buses equipped with diesel particulate filters have improved air quality for riders.
Journal Article