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Models of Bus Queueing at Curbside Stops
We consider curbside bus stops of the kind that serve multiple bus routes and that are isolated from the effects of traffic signals and other stops. A Markov chain embedded in the bus queueing process is used to develop steady-state queueing models of this stop type, as illustrated by two special cases. The models estimate the maximum number of buses that can arrive at and serve a stop and still satisfy a specified target of average bus delay. These models can be used to determine, for example, a stop’s suitable number of bus berths, given the bus demand and the specified delay target. The solutions for the two cases are used to derive a closed-form, parsimonious approximation model for general cases. This approximation matches simulations reasonably well for many conditions that arise in real settings; differences of less than 10% were common. Our results unveil how suitable choices for the number of bus berths are influenced by both the variation in the time that buses spend serving passengers at the stop and the specified delay target. The models further show why the proxy measure commonly used for the delay target in previous bus stop studies is a poor one.
Journal Article
One day in December : a novel
Two people. Ten chances. One unforgettable love story. Laurie is pretty sure love at first sight doesn't exist anywhere but the movies. But then, through a misted-up bus window one snowy December day, she sees a man who she knows instantly is the one. Their eyes meet, there's a moment of pure magic ... and then her bus drives away. Certain they're fated to find each other again, Laurie spends a year scanning every bus stop and cafe in London for him. But she doesn't find him, not when it matters anyway. Instead they \"reunite\" at a Christmas party, when her best friend Sarah giddily introduces her new boyfriend to Laurie. It's Jack, the man from the bus. It would be. What follows for Laurie, Sarah and Jack is ten years of friendship, heartbreak, missed opportunities, roads not taken, and destinies reconsidered. One Day in December is a joyous, heartwarming and immensely moving love story to escape into and a reminder that fate takes inexplicable turns along the route to happiness.
BOOK
Behavior and Early-Age Performance of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Bus Pad
The behavior of the cast-in-place continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) bus pad applied to bus stop pavement in a central bus-only lane was experimentally analyzed under environmental and moving vehicle loads, and the early-age performance of the CRC bus pad was evaluated using experimental data and finite element analysis results. Using various measurement sensors, the concrete slab strain, longitudinal steel bar strains, horizontal and vertical displacements, and crack behavior of the CRC bus pad due to environmental loads were measured, and the dynamic responses of the concrete slab and steel bars due to moving vehicle loads were also measured. Additionally, a method for converting strain gauge measurements of a cracked concrete slab to the strain of an uncracked concrete slab was also proposed. Under environmental loads, the range of stresses acting on the steel bars and the bond between concrete and steel bars were analyzed to be appropriate for ensuring excellent performance of the CRC bus pad. The crack widths and vertical and longitudinal displacements of the CRC bus pad were found to have no effect on the pavement performance. Within the vehicle velocity range used in this experiment, the strains of the slab and steel bars as the vehicle passed through the CRC bus pad were virtually independent of the vehicle velocity and were within a range that did not cause any reduction in pavement performance. This study confirmed that the CRC bus pad has excellent performance and can replace asphalt concrete bus stop pavement or jointed concrete bus pad.
Journal Article
Good practices on transit operation design: bus drivers` perspective
Understanding which aspects can have the greatest influence on the performance, comfort and safety of a public transport system can be of great help in improving its operation and promoting more sustainable mobility. To find out more about these aspects, a survey was carried out among more than 180 drivers of urban bus transport systems in seven medium-sized cities in Spain. The drivers' perspective has been insufficiently taken into account in previous research, despite the fact that these workers have a high and direct knowledge of the operation and problems directly affecting the service. The data collected through this survey have been analysed using descriptive statistics and an Ordered Probit model. The results have allowed us to detect specific aspects to improve the performance and comfort of users and drivers such as the correct location and length of bus stops and enforcing regulation to ensure that buses have priority in traffic and that illegal parking does not interfere with their operations. In addition, bus lanes were seen as important by drivers to improve the comfort and safety of the service. Other factors related to safety were generally highly rated and there was little dispersion in the responses about their importance, although aspects such as proper visibility, avoiding illegal parking, and campaigns to encourage bus users to be aware of their surroundings stood out in the answers. Finally, the payment system was highlighted as very relevant to ensure the performance and comfort of users and drivers during the operation at bus stops. Improving this system was identified as the measure that could have the greatest impact on the performance of the service as a whole.
Journal Article
Demonstrating the feasibility of using Wi-Fi sensors for dynamic bus-stop queue length estimation
We demonstrate that a Wi-Fi sensor located at a bus stop can be used to estimate the current queue length of passengers waiting for the bus. These crowdsourced data are hence a cost-effective source to obtain information on transit demand. Based on the observed queue lengths we further estimate the resulting waiting time for passengers for each line that serves the stop. This information can be used to evaluate the impact of operational strategies. Our experiments are conducted at a busy bus stop in Kyoto, Japan, during the peak tourist season. The estimated regression and machine learning approaches show that both randomised and non-randomised MAC addresses as well as the received signal strengths are important indicators for the queue length. We discuss the limitations of the approach if applied in other contexts with less organised crowding and more noise than in our experiment.
Journal Article
Inferring alighting bus stops from smart card data combined with cellular signaling data
Alighting bus stops inferring is of great significance for origin–destination estimation. Cellular signaling data (CSD), a kind of individual trajectory generated by mobile phones, provides a new idea for alighting stop identification. To explore the capacity of CSD in this field, this study proposes a method of inferring alighting bus stops by integrating smart card data, bus GPS data, and CSD. Firstly, a correspondence table is generated by individual matching, which correspondingly links mobile phone users in CSD and bus passengers in smart card data. Secondly, the inferred alighting bus stops are determined by the radii of the circumscribed circles of triangles consisting of directly projective points, piecewise projective points, and CSD points. The proposed method is verified by an experimental dataset from a behavioral simulation experiment of 10 volunteers in Foshan, China. The results show that the recognition rate is 92.94% and the inference accuracy is 65.82%, or 93.67% under a one-stop error. In the case of a real dataset in Foshan, the proposed method with a recognition rate of 53.02% highly outperforms the trip-chain-based method. The difference in the recognition rate between the two datasets is due to that the real dataset is more likely to be incomplete than the experimental data, which indicates that the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method are sensitive to the data quality and completeness of CSD and bus GPS data. Having said that, the proposed method can infer both alighting stops of linked bus trips and single unlinked bus trips.
Journal Article
Performance Analysis of Overtaking Maneuvers at Bus Stops with Tandem Berths
Bus queues are common at bus stops and may cause significant delays. Overtaking is a standard maneuver used by buses at curbside stops. In general, there are two kinds of overtaking maneuvers, namely overtaking in and overtaking out. When overtaking is allowed, the analysis of the bus queues becomes more difficult because such maneuvers violate the first-in, first-out rule and affect the capacity of the bus stop as well as the average waiting delay. It is important to understand the effects that overtaking maneuvers have on the operations at bus stops. In our study, we consider four different bus overtaking rules at curbside bus stops and analyze four associated queuing models with finite tandem berths. To be more specific, low, moderate, and high bus frequencies are analyzed assuming exponentially distributed dwell times. Analytic expressions for the expected average waiting delays are developed. Further, a general queueing model with overtaking maneuvers occurring at random is presented. Through simulation, the accuracy of the models and the effects of the coefficient of variation of the dwell times on waiting delays are examined. Theoretical analyses as well as simulation results show the positive effects of overtaking maneuvers on the bus stop capacity and on expected average delays at curbside stops when dwell times are varied. The comparison of different overtaking maneuvers reveals performance differences among the various rules and shows why buses should rather be encouraged to overtake when departing a stop than when entering it. In addition, we discuss some practical factors that may impede the implementation of overtaking. Some managerial insights are obtained, and our formulations and results may help with the assignments of bus lines to bus stops and bus frequency-setting problems.
The online appendix is available at
https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2018.0841
.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of equipping bus stop shelters with cooling and filtering systems in a city with tropical climate
PurposeWaiting for a bus may represent a period of intense exposure to traffic particles in hot and noisy conditions in the street. To lessen the particle load and tackle heat in bus stops a shelter was equipped with an electrostatic precipitator and a three-step adiabatic cooling system capable of dynamically adjust its operation according to actual conditions. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Airbitat Oasis Smart Bus Stop, as the shelter was called, to provide clean and cool air.Design/methodology/approachThe particle exposure experienced in this innovative shelter was contrasted with that in a conventional shelter located right next to it. Mass concentrations of fine particles and black carbon, and particle number concentration (as a proxy of ultrafine particles) were simultaneously measured in both shelters. Air temperature, relative humidity and noise level were also measured.FindingsThe new shelter did not perform as expected. It only slightly reduced the abundance of fine particles (−6.5%), but not of ultrafine particles and black carbon. Similarly, it reduced air temperature (−1 °C), but increased relative humidity (3%). Its operation did not generate additional noise.Practical implicationsThe shelter's poor performance was presumably due to design flaws induced by a lack of knowledge on traffic particles and fluid dynamics in urban environments. This is an example where harnessing technology without understanding the problem to solve does not work.Originality/valueIt is uncommon to come across case studies like this one in which the performance and effectiveness of urban infrastructure can be assessed under real-life service settings.
Journal Article
Does compact land use trigger a rise in crime and a fall in ridership? A role for crime in the land use–travel connection
Studies in the land use–travel connection have long neglected the role of neighbourhood crime. This paper analyses such a role of crime and explores whether more compact land-use characteristics tend to cluster more crimes, thus having a negative impact on public transit use. A path analysis model is used to estimate the relationship between land use, crime, and bus ridership in the city of Austin, Texas. The results demonstrate that higher population density and more mixed land use may significantly stimulate more crimes near the bus stops while the level of crime may have a nonlinear effect on ridership. Once the number of reported crimes exceeds a threshold level, ridership is negatively affected. As a result, very dense residential and commercial development may trigger a rise in crimes, leading to a fall in ridership. These findings suggest that those who seek to implement land use policies to increase transit use and reduce auto dependence should recognise and evaluate land use impact on crime and how this impact affects travel behaviours.
Journal Article