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The National Origins of Policy Ideas
In politics, ideas matter. They provide the foundation for economic policymaking, which in turn shapes what is possible in domestic and international politics. Yet until now, little attention has been paid to how these ideas are produced and disseminated, and how this process varies between countries.The National Origins of Policy Ideasprovides the first comparative analysis of how \"knowledge regimes\"-communities of policy research organizations like think tanks, political party foundations, ad hoc commissions, and state research offices, and the institutions that govern them-generate ideas and communicate them to policymakers.
John Campbell and Ove Pedersen examine how knowledge regimes are organized, operate, and have changed over the last thirty years in the United States, France, Germany, and Denmark. They show how there are persistent national differences in how policy ideas are produced. Some countries do so in contentious, politically partisan ways, while others are cooperative and consensus oriented. They find that while knowledge regimes have adopted some common practices since the 1970s, tendencies toward convergence have been limited and outcomes have been heavily shaped by national contexts.
Drawing on extensive interviews with top officials at leading policy research organizations, this book demonstrates why knowledge regimes are as important to capitalism as the state and the firm, and sheds new light on debates about the effects of globalization, the rise of neoliberalism, and the orientation of comparative political economy in political science and sociology.
eBook
Vanishing frontiers : the forces driving Mexico and the United States together
There may be no story today with a wider gap between fact and fiction than the relationship between the United States and Mexico. Wall or no wall, deeply intertwined social, economic, business, cultural, and personal relationships mean the US-Mexico border is more like a seam than a barrier, weaving together two economies and cultures. Mexico faces huge crime and corruption problems, but its remarkable transformation over the past two decades has made it a more educated, prosperous, and innovative nation than most Americans realize. Through portraits of business leaders, migrants, chefs, movie directors, police officers, and media and sports executives, Andrew Selee looks at this emerging Mexico, showing how it increasingly influences our daily lives in the United States in surprising ways--the jobs we do, the goods we consume, and even the new technology and entertainment we enjoy. From the Mexican entrepreneur in Missouri who saved the US nail industry, to the city leaders who were visionary enough to build a bridge over the border fence so the people of San Diego and Tijuana could share a single international airport, to the connections between innovators in Mexico's emerging tech hub in Guadalajara and those in Silicon Valley, Mexicans and Americans together have been creating productive connections that now blur the boundaries that once separated us from each other.
Book
R&D Intensity, Domestic Institutional Environment, and SMEs' OFDI in Emerging Markets
Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from emerging economies has emerged as a significant phenomenon in global markets. However, extant research has not paid sufficient attention to this trend. Particularly, there is a lack of understanding of how SMEs' internal resources may interact with their domestic institutional environment in driving OFDI. Drawing on the resource-based view and the institutional theory, this study fills this gap and examines how research and development (R&D) intensity influences OFDI frequency of SMEs from China, one of the largest emerging economies, and the moderating effects of coercive pressure, normative support, and mimetic force from SMEs' domestic, regional institutional environment. Using a sample of 2620 Chinese SMEs publicly-listed on the Chinese Growth Enterprise Market during 2010-2017, we find that R&D intensity can be viewed as a key strategic resource that drives Chinese SMEs' OFDI frequency and that three factors in their regional institutional environment (regional marketization, ties to industry associations, and peer OFDI frequency in the region) strengthen the relationship between R&D intensity and SMEs' OFDI. This study contributes to the literature on SMEs' OFDI by demonstrating the importance of combining the resource-based view and institutional theory to examine the roles played by both SMEs' internal resources and their domestic institutional environment in driving their OFDI activities in emerging economies.
Journal Article
Corporations and Transnational Human Rights Litigation
Since the mid-1980s, beginning with the unsuccessful Union Carbide litigation in the USA, litigants have been exploring ways of holding multinational corporations [MNCs] liable for offshore human rights abuses in the courts of the companies’ home States. The highest profile cases have been the human rights claims brought against MNCs (such as Unocal, Shell, Rio Tinto, Coca Cola, and Talisman) under the Alien Tort Claims Act in the United States. Such claims also raise issues under customary international law (which may be directly applicable in US federal law) and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations [RICO] statute. Another legal front is found in the USA, England and Australia, where courts have become more willing to exercise jurisdiction over transnational common law tort claims against home corporations. Furthermore, a corporation’s human rights practices were indirectly targeted under trade practices law in groundbreaking litigation in California against sportsgoods manufacturer Nike. This new study examines these developments and the procedural arguments (eg regarding personal jurisdiction and especially forum non conveniens) which have been used to block litigation, as well as the principles which can be gleaned from cases which have settled. The analysis is important for human rights victims in order to know the boundaries of possible available legal redress. It is also important for MNCs, which must now take human rights into account in managing the legal risks (as well as moral and reputation risks) associated with offshore projects.
eBook
Outsider Entrepreneurs
Traditionally, it has been assumed that immigrant entrepreneurs are disadvantaged relative to native entrepreneurs because they have limited access to resources and markets in their country of adoption. Although the outsider status of entrepreneurs may convey some disadvantages domestically, this very status may serve as a spur to encourage international efforts. Yavuz shows that new high-tech startups with outsider founders are more likely to internationalize early, but somewhat surprisingly, these international ventures are less likely to survive and grow relative to their native-founded counterparts that have internationalized. This suggests that immigrant entrepreneurs tend to be overconfident in their own ability to internationalize successfully.
eBook
The Evolution of the Trade Regime
The Evolution of the Trade Regime offers a comprehensive political-economic history of the development of the world's multilateral trade institutions, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). While other books confine themselves to describing contemporary GATT/WTO legal rules or analyzing their economic logic, this is the first to explain the logic and development behind these rules.
The book begins by examining the institutions' rules, principles, practices, and norms from their genesis in the early postwar period to the present. It evaluates the extent to which changes in these institutional attributes have helped maintain or rebuild domestic constituencies for open markets.
The book considers these questions by looking at the political, legal, and economic foundations of the trade regime from many angles. The authors conclude that throughout most of GATT/WTO history, power politics fundamentally shaped the creation and evolution of the GATT/WTO system. Yet in recent years, many aspects of the trade regime have failed to keep pace with shifts in underlying material interests and ideas, and the challenges presented by expanding membership and preferential trade agreements.
eBook
Design for Location? The Impact of Manufacturing Offshore on Technology Competitiveness in the Optoelectronics Industry
This paper presents a case study of the impact of manufacturing offshore on technology competitiveness in the optoelectronics industry. It examines a critical design/facility location decision being faced by optoelectronic component manufacturers. This paper uses a combination of simulation modeling and empirical data to demonstrate the economic constraints facing these firms. The results show that production location changes the relative production economics of the two competing designs-one emerging, one prevailing-that are currently perfect substitutes for each other on the telecom market, but not necessarily perfect substitutes in other markets in the long term. Specifically, if optoelectronic component firms shift production from the United States to countries in developing East Asia, the emerging designs that were developed in the United States no longer pay. Production characteristics are different abroad, and the prevailing design can be more cost effective in developing country production environments. The emerging designs, however, have performance characteristics that may be valuable in the long term to the larger computing market and to pushing forward Moore's law. This paper concludes by exploring the dilemma this creates for the optoelectronic component manufacturers and recommending a framework based on which the results may be generalized to other industries.
Journal Article
Outward foreign direct investment and US exports, jobs, and R & D implications for US policy
Executive summary -- Overview -- The role of US multinationals in the US economy and the evolution of their domestic operations -- Outward FDI by US multinationals: implications for US jobs, exports, and investment -- Globalization of R&D by US multinationals: implications for US prosperity -- Tax policy toward MNCs -- Implications for US policy
Book