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"CAD-CAM systems"
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Clinical Applications and Mechanical Properties of CAD-CAM Materials in Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry: A Systematic Review
Clinical outcomes of dental restorations depend primarily on the choice of materials used, and nowadays, dental CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing) materials have strongly changed daily clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze CAD-CAM dental materials according to their mechanical properties and in relation to their clinical applications. A literature review was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library. Articles addressing at least one of the following topics regarding dental materials for CAD-CAM systems: manufacturers, mechanical features, materials’ composition, optical properties, clinical indications, and/or outcomes were included in the review. A flowchart was performed as described in the PRISMA guidelines. Among the 564 articles found, 63 were analyzed and evaluated. Within the limitations of this systematic review, it can be concluded that CAD-CAM materials present a wide range of clinical applications due to their improved mechanical properties. Specifically, in addition to materials that have been in use for a long time (such as feldspathic ceramics), resin block composites can also be used for permanent restorations.
Journal Article
Comparative Analysis between Conventional Acrylic, CAD/CAM Milled, and 3D CAD/CAM Printed Occlusal Splints
The development of digital technologies has allowed for the fabrication of new materials; however, it makes it difficult to choose the best methods to obtain occlusal splints with optimal properties, so it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of these materials. The aim of the study is to compare the fracture resistance of occlusal splints made of different materials after thermo-mechanical aging. Methods: A total of 32 samples were made from 4 materials (two 3D printed polymeric materials, a PMMA disc for CAD/CAM, and a conventional heat-cured acrylic resin); subsequently, the fracture test was performed using the load compression mode applied occlusally on the splint surface. Statistical analysis: Four statistical tests were used (Shapiro-Wilk, Levene’s test, ANOVA, and Tukey’s HSD test). Results: The following study showed that there are differences in fracture strength among the four materials investigated, where the highest strength was observed in the milled splint, with a mean of 3051.2 N (newton) compared to the strength of the flexible splint with 1943.4 N, the printed splint with 1489.9 N, and the conventional acrylic splint with 1303.9 N. Conclusions: The milled splints were the most resistant to fracture. Of the printed splints, the splint made with flexural rigid resin withstood the applied forces in acceptable ranges, so its clinical indication may be viable. Although the results of this research indicated differences in the mechanical properties between the CAD/CAM and conventional fabrication methods, the selection may also be influenced by processing time and cost, since with a CAD/CAM system there is a significant reduction in the production time of the splint material.
Journal Article
Customized Post and Cores Fabricated with CAD/CAM Technology: A Literature Review
Post and core restorations are a widely accepted method to restore endodontically treated teeth with compromised tooth structure. The use of computerized technology to fabricate customized post and cores is a simple and quick alternative to conventional methods. A literature search was conducted, and a summary of articles describing fabrication techniques and materials used to fabricate post and cores with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) has been provided. Several techniques have been reported to restore endodontically treated teeth with CAD/CAM post and cores, including direct and indirect methods. Zirconia, composite resin, and hybrid ceramic were the most commonly reported materials. Published reports on CAD/CAM post and core are limited; however, further studies are needed to investigate the long-term outcome of this treatment.
Journal Article
Advanced customization in architectural design and construction
This book presents the state of the art in advanced customization within the sector of architectural design and construction, explaining important new technologies that are boosting design, product and process innovation and identifying the challenges to be confronted as we move toward a mass customization construction industry. Advanced machinery and software integration are discussed, as well as an overview of the manufacturing techniques offered through digital methods that are acquiring particular significance within the field of digital architecture. CNC machining, Robotic Fabrication, and Additive Manufacturing processes are all clearly explained, highlighting their ability to produce personalized architectural forms and unique construction components. Cutting-edge case studies in digitally fabricated architectural realizations are described and, looking towards the future, a new model of 100% customized architecture for design and construction is presented. The book is an excellent guide to the profound revolution taking place within the fields of architectural design and construction, characterized by computational tools, advanced fabrication means and custom-made high-performance architecture.
Book
Surface Characteristics of Subtractively and Additively Manufactured Restorative Materials for Definitive Restorations
Advancements in Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have promoted the development of novel dental materials for several types of definitive restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface characteristics of resin-based CAD/CAM restorative materials, fabricated using both subtractive and additive manufacturing techniques. The materials tested included Filtek Z550 (FZ), Vita Enamic (VE), Shofu HC (SH), and VarseoSmile TriniQ (TQ). For each material, 24 specimens were prepared; half were manually polished following the manufacturer’s recommendations, while the other half underwent standardized metallographic polishing. The surface roughness, wettability, and molecular composition were assessed. A statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 29.0 at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). Statistically significant differences in surface properties were observed between direct and indirect restoratives following manual polishing, with SH performing favorably in terms of surface roughness. The polishing method significantly influenced the surface characteristics of each material, except for certain roughness parameters in SH. Both surface roughness and wettability were dependent on the material and the polishing technique, highlighting the need for improved material-specific polishing protocols.
Journal Article
Revolutionizing CAD/CAM-based restorative dental processes and materials with artificial intelligence: a concise narrative review
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly prevalent in biomedical and industrial development, capturing the interest of dental professionals and patients. Its potential to improve the accuracy and speed of dental procedures is set to revolutionize dental care. The use of AI in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) within the restorative dental and material science fields offers numerous benefits, providing a new dimension to these practices. This study aims to provide a concise overview of the implementation of AI-powered technologies in CAD/CAM restorative dental procedures and materials. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using keywords from 2000 to 2023 to obtain pertinent information. This method was implemented to guarantee a thorough investigation of the subject matter. Keywords included; “Artificial Intelligence”, “Machine Learning”, “Neural Networks”, “Virtual Reality”, “Digital Dentistry”, “CAD/CAM”, and “Restorative Dentistry”. Artificial intelligence in digital restorative dentistry has proven to be highly beneficial in various dental CAD/CAM applications. It helps in automating and incorporating esthetic factors, occlusal schemes, and previous practitioners’ CAD choices in fabricating dental restorations. AI can also predict the debonding risk of CAD/CAM restorations and the compositional effects on the mechanical properties of its materials. Continuous enhancements are being made to overcome its limitations and open new possibilities for future developments in this field.
Journal Article
Effect of thermocycling on surface topography and fracture toughness of milled and additively manufactured denture base materials: an in-vitro study
Background
Studies investigating thermocycling effect on surface topography and fracture toughness of resins used in digitally manufactured denture bases are few. The study aimed to assess the impact of thermocycling on surface topography and fracture toughness of materials used for digitally manufactured denture bases.
Methods
Water sorption, solubility, hardness, surface roughness, and fracture toughness of both three-dimensional (3D)-printed and computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled specimens (
n
= 50) were assessed both prior to and following 2000 thermocycles, simulating 2 years of clinical aging. Surface hardness (
n
= 10) was measured using a Vickers hardness testing machine, surface roughness (
n
= 10) was determined by a contact profilometer, and fracture toughness (
n
= 20) was measured using the 3-point bend test, then studying the fractured surfaces was done via a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prior to and following thermocycling, water sorption and solubility (
n
= 10) were assessed. Normally distributed data was tested using two-way repeated ANOVA and two-way ANOVA, while Mann Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used to analyze data that was not normally distributed (α < 0.05).
Results
Following thermocycling, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of both groups declined, with a significant reduction in values of the 3D-printed resin (
P
< .001). The 3D-printed denture base resins had a rougher surface following thermocycling with a significant difference (
P
< .001). The sorption and solubility of water of both materials were not affected by thermocycling.
Conclusions
Before and after thermocycling, milled specimens had lower surface roughness and a greater degree of hardness and fracture toughness than 3D-printed specimens. Thermocycling lowered hardness and fracture toughness, and increased surface roughness in both groups, but had no effect on water sorption and solubility.
Journal Article