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The coordinates of boundary points of a number of cadastral blocks can be obtained by electronic boundary points automatically, while the automation of data processing of coordinates needs to be improved. This paper focuses on the automatic clustering of electronic boundary point coordinates and analyses the location distribution and angle characteristics of cadastral blocks with real coordinates data from 6 villages. In this paper, a strategy is proposed that one boundary point of every cadastral block should be marked and Manhattan distance between points should be used as the similarity measure. A clustering algorithm of electronic boundary points for cadastral blocks is designed with the combination of K-means algorithm. The simulation results show the clustering accuracy of the algorithm can be above 0.9 when the number of cadastral blocks is more than 100, and it can be improved as the number of cadastral blocks is controlled within 25. This study provides a reference for optimization of existing electronic boundary points system and automation technology of the cadastral survey.

Synchronous interactions from different locations have become a globally accepted modus of interaction since the COVID-19 outbreak. For centuries, professional cadastral survey activities always required an interaction modus whereby surveyors, neighboring landowners, and local officers were present simultaneously. During the systematic adjudication and land registration project in Indonesia, multiple problems in the land information systems emerged, which, up to date, remain unsolved. These include the presence of plots of land without a related title, incorrect demarcations in the field, and the listing of titles without a connection to a land plot. We argue that these problems emerged due to ineffective survey workflows, which draw on inflexible process steps. This research assesses how and how much the use of augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) technologies can make land registration services more effective and expand collaboration in a synchronous and at distant manner (the so-called same time, different place principle). The tested cadastral survey workflows include the procedure for a first land titling, the one for land subdivision, and the updating and maintenance of the cadastral database. These are common cases that could potentially benefit from integrated uses of augmented and virtual reality applications. Mixed reality technologies using VR glasses are also tested as tools, allowing individuals, surveyors, and government officers to work together synchronously from different places via a web mediation dashboard. The work aims at providing alternatives for safe interactions of field surveyors with decision-making groups in their endeavors to reach fast and effective collaborative decisions on boundaries.

In this paper we present 30 preserved boundary marks of the cadastral municipalities from the period of the Franciscan cadastral survey from 1818 to 1819, which we found in the vicinity of villages of Sežana, Lokev, Rodik, Markovščina and Materija in Slovenia. The studied boundary marks of the cadastral municipalities are 70 cm or more high, mostly with carved inscriptions, sometimes also with coats of arms, or have a form of isolated, larger rocks, which also have carved inscriptions. These boundary marks still mark the official boundaries of the cadastral municipalities today. But some of them also played a more important role in the past, as they marked the boundaries of the districts. Some once had a simultaneous cadastral and trigonometric role, and some still retain this dual role today. Quite a few of these boundary marks are linked to the preserved local oral tradition, associated with the Schwarzenegg estate of the Counts of Petazzi and various mythical monsters that guard the boundaries of the cadastral municipalities. With the help of two of them, Križen drev and Kokoš (Jermanec), we have discovered and proved, how the borders of the cadastral municipalities in this area date back at least to the 16th century. Therefore, we can consider the present-day boundaries of the cadastral municipalities in this area of Slovenia as one of the longest-lasting and preserved spatial division.

The cadastral detail data is used for overlap analysis with digitized graphic cadastral maps to solve the problem of inconsistencies between cadastral maps and the current land situation. This study investigated the feasibility of a handheld LiDAR scanner to collect 3D point clouds in an efficient way for a detail survey in urban environments with narrow and winding streets. Then, urban detail point clouds were collected by the handheld LiDAR scanner. After point cloud filtering and the ranging systematic error correction that was determined by a plane-based calibration method, the collected point clouds were transformed to the TWD97 cadastral coordinate system using control points. The land detail line data were artificially digitized and the results showed that about 97% error of the digitized detail positions was less than 15 cm compared to the check points surveyed by a total station. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using a handheld LiDAR scanner to perform an urban cadastral detail survey in digitized graphic areas. Therefore, the handheld LiDAR scanner could be used for the production of the detail lines for urban cadastral detail surveying for digitized cadastral areas in Taiwan.

Scotland is at the heart of modern sustainable upland management. This collection of cutting edge studies is a first-to-press synthesis of studies carried out by the Centre for Mountain Studies at Perth College, which will be both enlightening and relevant to upland managers across Britain and Europe.

The renewal and updating of the cadastre of real estate is a long and tedious task for land administration, especially for rural buildings that lack unified design and planning. In order to retain the required accuracy of all points in the register, huge extensive manual editing is often required. In this work, a precise cadastral survey approach is proposed using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery-based stereo point clouds. To ensure the accuracy and uniqueness of building outer walls, the non-maximum suppression of wall points that can separate noise and avoid repeated extraction is proposed. Meanwhile, the multiple cue weighted RANSAC, considering both point-to-line distance and normal consistency, is proposed to reduce the influence of building attachments and avoid spurious edges. For a better description of wall topology, the wall line segment topology graph (WLTG), which can guide the connection of adjacent lines and support the searching of closed boundaries through the minimum graph loop analysis, is also built. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively detect the building vector contours with high precision and correct topology, and the detection completeness and correctness of the edge corners can reach 84.9% and 93.2% when the mean square error is below 10 cm.

Real property in the form of investment, ownership and use pervades almost every aspect of daily lives and represents over 40% of Australia’s wealth. Such assets do not exist in isolation – they are dynamic and forever evolving, impacted by a range of physical, economic, demographic, legal and other forces. Consequently, a true appreciation of individual assets and of the property sector as a whole demands an understanding of both the assets themselves and the context and markets in which they exist. The sector is complex and, on the face of it, confusing. It is however, not without logic and underlying themes and principles. This book provides a wider understanding of how the real property sector works. It covers topics such as the nature of real property and its functions, economic drivers, valuation principles, legal and tenure parameters, property taxation, land development and subdivision, asset and property management and sustainability – all critical components in this complex and critically important sector. It provides a wide and balanced perspective for experienced practitioners, investors, students and anyone involved in property decision-making or wishing to secure a deeper understanding of these areas. The book integrates research-based theory with practical application and first-hand insights into a sector that underpins the Australian economy, its communities and its sustainability.