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This paper provides an overview of how Computer Assisted Interpreter Training (CAIT) has evolved within the field of conference interpreting and its contribution to modernising both teaching and learning this profession. After summarising what other authors have studied in depth, it goes on to critically analyse to what extent technological and pedagogical innovations have shared a common evolution and the challenges that interpreter training will have to face in the future.

Background The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) is a self-assessment tool for people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). This tool had been translated and validated in many languages but there is no Urdu version of CAIT available. Objective The aim was to translate the CAIT into the Urdu Language and determine its validity and reliability. Methods A standardized step-wise forward and backward translation process was followed. Content, construct, convergent validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability were determined. A pilot study was done on 10 patients with CAI. The final version was investigated in 120 patients (mean age 26.6 ± 4.8 yrs) with CAI for validity and test–retest reliability in which 105 participants filled the questionnaire in the second week. Internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha. Intraclass correlation (ICC 2,1 ) was calculated to assess test–retest reliability between two weeks. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC) were calculated. Convergent validity was determined by correlating Urdu CAIT with the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) using Spearman’s correlation co-efficient. Factor analysis describes the structure of underlying factors. Results Content validity index was > 0.80 of each question. Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.75). Convergent validity with FAOS total score showed a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.68) with U-CAIT and negatively correlated with subscales of FAOS. Test–retest reliability was excellent ICC 2,1  > 0.80. Scree plot showed 3 factors > 1eigen value. Conclusion The Urdu version of CAIT is a valid and reliable assessment tool for patients with chronic ankle instability. It has good content validity, construct validity and reliability.

Detecting unnatural pauses is a critical component of automated quality assessment (AQA) in interpreter training, as pause patterns directly reflect an interpreter’s cognitive load and fluency. Traditional pause detection methods rely on static temporal thresholds (e.g., 1.0 s), which often fail to account for segment-specific speech rate variability and individual speaking styles. This study proposes a context-adaptive pause detection framework that integrates unsupervised anomaly detection using Isolation Forest (iForest) with a sliding window technique. To enhance pedagogical validity, we specifically focused on intra-sentential pauses by delineating sentence boundaries using a specialized segmentation model. The proposed model was evaluated against ground-truth labels annotated by professional interpreting experts. Our results demonstrate that the sliding window–based contextual anomaly detection model significantly outperforms the conventional static baseline, particularly in terms of recall and Cohen’s kappa. Furthermore, by applying a weighted F3-score and the “Recognition-over-Recall” principle, we confirmed that the proposed model substantially reduces the instructor’s total operational burden by shifting the workload from de novo annotation creation to more efficient corrective pruning. These findings suggest that speech-adaptive modeling provides a more reliable and labor-saving framework for automated interpreting assessment and feedback. Specifically, this study makes three main contributions: (1) the proposal of a context-adaptive pause detection framework using anomaly detection, (2) the integration of sliding window–based local contextual modeling for speech-rate–aware analysis, and (3) the introduction of an evaluation strategy based on the Recognition-over-Recall principle to reduce instructor workload in interpreter training.

Objective To evaluate the effects of exercise therapy on patient-oriented function among individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and analyze the influence of exercise dosage characteristics on these outcomes. Methods Literature searches were conducted in multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus), Physiotherapy Evidence Database, CNKI, WANFANG, and VIP, from the earliest available time until May 22, 2025. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analysis were conducted using RevMan 5.3.0 and Stata 14.0 software. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach was applied to evaluate the quality of evidence. Main outcomes were assessed using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Activities of Daily Living (FAAM-A), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Sports (FAAM-S), Foot and Ankle Disability Index-Activities of Daily Living (FADI-A), and Foot and Ankle Disability Index-Sports (FADI-S). Results Twenty-six randomized controlled trials (1,032 participants) were included. Exercise therapy significantly improved patient-oriented function compared to non-trial intervention control group, as measured by CAIT (14 studies, MD = 4.59, 95% CI: 4.16–5.03, p  < 0.001, I²=45.5%), FAAM-A (13 studies, MD = 7.71, 95% CI: 6.36–9.05, p  < 0.001, I²=42.5%), FAAM-S (14 studies, MD = 11.86, 95% CI: 7.86–15.85, p  < 0.001, I²=83.4%), FADI-A (2 studies, MD = 8.65, 95% CI: 3.11–14.19, p  = 0.002, I²=0%), and FADI-S (3 studies, MD = 13.88, 95% CI: 11.97–15.78, p  < 0.001, I²=0%). Subgroup analyses suggested that manual therapy, delivered 1–2 times per week for ≤ 4 weeks, yielded the greatest improvements in CAIT, whereas multimodal training, performed 1–2 times weekly over 5–8 weeks, demonstrated superior effects for FAAM-A and FAAM-S. Conclusions This meta-analysis provides very low to moderate certainty evidence that exercise therapy improves patient-oriented function among individuals with CAI compared to comparator controls. Manual therapy of shorter duration may optimize CAIT outcomes, while longer multimodal training programs appear most effective for enhancing FAAM-A and FAAM-S scores.

Background: The ease of administration of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) could represent a methodology for periodically evaluating athletes, preventing ankle instability injuries. This study aimed to achieve three objectives: (a) to evaluate the applicability of the CAIT scale in volleyball; (b) to explore whether ankle instability presents a greater risk in lower-level volleyball categories and whether elite athletes demonstrate an ability to mitigate this risk; and (c) to identify potential predictors of ankle instability. Methods: Eighty female volleyball players participated in this cross-sectional observational study. The CAIT was administered to evaluate the athletes belonging to some teams in Series A, B, and C. Results: The Spearman’s ranks correlation coefficient showed significant correlations between CAIT items. Additionally, the Cronbach’s α showed a high internal consistency. Our results showed a significant difference between athletes who reported pain and those who did not (p < 0.001). The multiple linear regression model analysis showed that pain was a predictor of ankle instability (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the CAIT can be used to evaluate ankle stability in volleyball players. This scale could represent a valuable tool for implementing specific intervention programs to prevent ankle injuries in athletes.

Background and Objectives: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is prevalent among soccer players, often resulting from recurrent ankle injuries (RAIs). Despite its impact on performance and long-term joint health, the associated risk factors remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to identify the key risk factors for CAI among soccer players. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 310 soccer players from different professional sports clubs. The Arabic version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (Ar-CAIT) was used to assess ankle instability. Spearman’s rho correlation and multiple linear regression were used to identify significant predictors of CAI. Additionally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to conduct mediation analysis and evaluate potential indirect effects. Results: Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed significant negative associations between Ar-CAIT scores and both BMI (r = −0.158, p < 0.05) and RAI (r = −0.273, p < 0.01), while training hours were positively correlated with Ar-CAIT scores (r = 0.169, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis confirmed that higher BMI (β = −0.133, p = 0.017) and a greater number of ankle injuries (β = −0.285, p < 0.001) were associated with lower Ar-CAIT scores, whereas increased training hours (β = 0.140, p = 0.010) were predictive of better ankle stability. Mediation analysis revealed that BMI and training hours partially mediate the relationship between RAI and Ar-CAIT scores. Conclusions: RAI, elevated BMI, and reduced training hours were significant predictors of CAI in soccer players. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing targeted injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies, particularly focusing on weight management and structured training programs to reduce CAI risk. Future longitudinal studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms contributing to CAI development.

The Internet of Things (IoT) can realize the interconnection of people, machines, and things anytime, anywhere. Most of the existing research mainly focuses on the practical applications of IoT, and there is a lack of research on modeling and reasoning about IoT systems from the perspective of formal methods. Thus, the Calculus of the Internet of Things (CaIT) has been proposed to specify and analyze IoT systems before the actual implementation, which can effectively improve development efficiency, and enhance system quality and reliability. To verify the correctness of IoT systems described by CaIT, this paper presents a proof system for CaIT, in which specifications and verifications are based on the extended Hoare Logic with time. Furthermore, we explore the cooperation between isolated proofs to validate the postconditions of the communication actions occurring in these proofs, with a particular focus on broadcast communication. We also demonstrate the soundness of our proof system. A simple “smart home” is given to illustrate the availability of our proof system.

The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) is a valid instrument to determine the presence of chronic ankle instability (CAI) and to assess its severity. Self-report test is very useful for researchers and clinical practice, and CAI is a widespread tool. Nevertheless, there is lack of measurement instruments validated into Spanish, which represents a major difficulty for research dealing with a Spanish-speaking population. The questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted into Spanish. The psychometric properties tested in the Spanish version of the CAIT were measured for internal consistency, test–retest reliability, construct validity, criterion validity, and responsiveness in 108 participants who were recruited from several fitness centers. The Spanish version of the CAIT had high internal consistency (Cronbach's α  = 0.766) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.979, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.958–0.990). Correlation with the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical component summary score (rho = 0.241, p  = 0.012) was greater than the SF-36 mental component summary score (rho = −0.162, p  = 0.094). The construct validity shows three different factors in the questionnaire and good responsiveness with a mean change of −2.43 (95 % CI = −3.12 to 1.73, p  < 0.0001) and a size effect of Cohen's d  = 1.07. The Spanish version of the CAIT has been shown to be a valid and reliable instrument for measuring chronic ankle instability and constitutes a useful instrument for the measurement of CAI in the clinical setting in Spain.

En este trabajo nos proponemos hacer un repaso a la evolución de las nuevas tecnologías en la formación de intérpretes de conferencias y sus aportaciones para la renovación de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de esta profesión. Tras exponer de forma somera lo que otros autores han presentado con mayor detalle, analizamos críticamente en qué medida la innovación tecnológica ha ido de la mano de la innovación pedagógica y cuáles son los retos que la didáctica de la interpretación tiene por delante en ese objetivo.