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"CAPITULATIONS, MILITARY"
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Five Days in August
Most Americans believe that the Second World War ended because the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan forced it to surrender.Five Days in Augustboldly presents a different interpretation: that the military did not clearly understand the atomic bomb's revolutionary strategic potential, that the Allies were almost as stunned by the surrender as the Japanese were by the attack, and that not only had experts planned and fully anticipated the need for a third bomb, they were skeptical about whether the atomic bomb would work at all. With these ideas, Michael Gordin reorients the historical and contemporary conversation about the A-bomb and World War II.
Gordin posits that although the bomb clearly brought with it a new level of destructive power, strategically it was regarded by decision-makers simply as a new conventional weapon, a bigger firebomb. To lend greater understanding to the thinking behind its deployment, Gordin takes the reader to the island of Tinian, near Guam, the home base for the bombing campaign, and the location from which the anticipated third atomic bomb was to be delivered. He also details how Americans generated a new story about the origins of the bomb after surrender: that the United States knew in advance that the bomb would end the war and that its destructive power was so awesome no one could resist it.
Five Days in Augustexplores these and countless other legacies of the atomic bomb in a glaring new light. Daring and iconoclastic, it will result in far-reaching discussions about the significance of the A-bomb, about World War II, and about the moral issues they have spawned.
eBook
Bridging the Atomic Divide : Debating Japan-US Attitudes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
\"In this study, two scholars examine historical perceptions of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Structured as a balanced dialogue, the authors analyze how the attacks are remembered by Japanese and others as well as the various debates surrounding the bombings.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Ritual in the Early Modern World: Proliferation, State-Formation, and the Work of the Manchu Surrender Ceremony
Ritual permeated the early modern world. While historians have explored ritual in regional and national contexts, little work has made sense of it as a global phenomenon. As a consequence, scholars continue to give primacy to bureaucracies and militaries in accounts of premodern state-formation. This article examines ritual in relation to early modern social and political developments, especially territorial expansion and increasing interactions. It argues that as polities contracted and empires expanded rulers relied on ritual just as much as institutional and administrative measures. Ritual was a key mechanism to do the work of inclusion and social organization in governance and territorial expansion. In order to begin to theorize what ritual did and how it did it, the article turns to an empirical case study of the Manchu surrender ceremony in the mid-seventeenth century. Through a close examination of the rite and its political and social background the article shows how ritual did the work of constructing and reconstructing social and political orders in the context of expanding empires in a quickly changing world. Ritual, it is argued, constructed social orders and created subjunctives that helped political actors navigate fraught political and social relations.
Journal Article
Rain of ruin : Tokyo, Hiroshima, and the surrender of Japan
\"With the development of the B-29 \"Superfortress\" in summer 1944, strategic bombing, a central component of the Allied war effort against Germany, arrived in the Pacific theater. In 1945 Japan experienced the three most deadly bombing attacks of the war. The firebombing of Tokyo in March burned the city's most densely populated sector, killed some 85,000 residents, and left more than one million homeless. The attack was part of a months-long campaign of incendiary bombing that destroyed almost two-thirds of Japan's cities. The two atomic blasts in August killed hundreds of thousands in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, most of them civilians. The bombing brought a destabilizing devastation that, combined with a declaration of war by the Soviet Union, induced Japan, as they put it, to terminate the war. Many at the time and since have credited American air power, and especially the two atomic bombs, with Japan's surrender. But Richard Overy tells a different, more dimensional story. Drawing on his expertise on the war and its bombing campaigns, he delivers a precise recounting of these aerial attacks, and a balanced, informed assessment of how and why they occurred. Overy is astute on the Allied decision-making, and, notably, integrates the Japanese leadership as well. He ably navigates the dramatic endgame of the war, which featured factional infighting within the Japanese cabinet, a scramble by American officials to formulate an acceptable version of \"unconditional surrender,\" and the crucial role played by the emperor, Hirohito. The atomic bombing emerges as impactful but not decisive in this rich, multilayered history\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Bridging the atomic divide : debating Japan-US attitudes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Harry Wray and Seishiro Sugihara transcend the one-sided Tokyo Trial view of the war in an effort to conduct a balanced exchange on historical perception.This will be of interest equally to both those inside and outside Japan who are perplexed by Japan's \"victimization consciousness.\" Through this impassioned and heartfelt dialogue, Wray.
eBook
Essentials. Government & civics. Civil War : terms of surrender
In 1865, a definitive Confederate defeat led to surrender terms crafted by Generals Lee and Grant, ending the Civil War and setting the stage for Reconstruction.
Streaming Video
War and Punishment
What makes wars drag on and why do they end when they do? Here H. E. Goemans brings theoretical rigor and empirical depth to a long-standing question of securities studies. He explores how various government leaders assess the cost of war in terms of domestic politics and their own postwar fates. Goemans first develops the argument that two sides will wage war until both gain sufficient knowledge of the other's strengths and weaknesses so as to agree on the probable outcome of continued war. Yet the incentives that motivate leaders to then terminate war, Goemans maintains, can vary greatly depending on the type of government they represent. The author looks at democracies, dictatorships, and mixed regimes and compares the willingness among leaders to back out of wars or risk the costs of continued warfare.
Democracies, according to Goemans, will prefer to withdraw quickly from a war they are not winning in order to appease the populace. Autocracies will do likewise so as not to be overthrown by their internal enemies. Mixed regimes, which are made up of several competing groups and which exclude a substantial proportion of the people from access to power, will likely see little risk in continuing a losing war in the hope of turning the tide. Goemans explores the conditions and the reasoning behind this \"gamble for resurrection\" as well as other strategies, using rational choice theory, statistical analysis, and detailed case studies of Germany, Britain, France, and Russia during World War I. In so doing, he offers a new perspective of the Great War that integrates domestic politics, international politics, and battlefield developments.
eBook
Free to Go Where We Liked
Relatively few works on the Army of Northern Virginia have looked closely at what happened to the army after the surrender on April 9, 1865. A closer examination of the immediate post-surrender period, however, suggests that many of Robert E. Lee's men did not experience surrender as a definitive conclusion to their experience as Confederate soldiers. Because of the generous surrender terms, they dispersed from Appomattox more like soldiers than vanquished rebels. But their journeys also revealed the degree to which a substantial portion of Confederate civilians continued to support them even in defeat and highlighted the ways in which Confederates might continue to fight the results of emancipation. The disbanding of Lee's army thus foreshadowed much of what would play out in the years to come as Confederate soldiers-turned-veterans continued to resist changes to the southern social and political order.
Journal Article