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Current data and trends in morbidity and mortality for the sub-Saharan Region as presented in this new edition reflect the heavy toll that HIV/AIDS has had on health indicators, leading to either a stalling or reversal of the gains made, not just for communicable disorders, but for cancers, as well as mental and neurological disorders.

Global Health for All trains a critical lens on global health to share the stories that global health’s practices and logics tell about 20th and 21st century configurations of science and power. An ethnography on multiple scales, the book focuses on global health’s key epistemic and therapeutic practices like localization, measurement, triage, markets, technology, care, and regulation. Its roving approach traverses policy centers, sites of intervention, and innumerable spaces in between to consider what happens when globalized logics, circulations, and actors work to imagine, modify, and manage health. By resting in these in-between places, Global Health for All simultaneously examines global health as a coherent system and as a dynamic, unpredictable collection of modular parts.

Background. The world population is aging. This phenomenon is accompanied by an increase in the number of elderly with dementia, whose oral hygiene care is a challenge. Objective. This paper presents a literature review of oral health status and the need for oral care in people with dementia, as compared to people without dementia and also of the relationship between periodontal disease and cognitive impairment. Methods. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library. Fifty-six articles met the inclusion criteria and were consequently included for quality assessment and data extraction. Results. No significant differences were found between both groups with regard to the number of present teeth, DMFT Index, edentulousness/use of denture, and orofacial pain. Coronal/root caries and retained roots were more common in people with dementia than in those without dementia. Most of the participants with dementia presented gingival bleeding or inflammation and they suffered from the periodontal disease more than people without dementia. Conclusions. Poor oral health is a common condition among the elderly with dementia. The education process of caregivers might improve the oral health status of people with dementia. Finally, periodontal disease might contribute to the onset or progression of dementia.

Prior research on corporate innovation highlights the importance of accessing external knowledge from other firms and universities. However, survey evidence indicates that product users are perhaps the most important source of external knowledge. We build on existing theory to identify the conditions under which user knowledge contributes to corporate innovation and when the benefits will be greatest. Using a panel dataset of medical device companies and their collaborative efforts with innovative physicians, we find evidence that inventive collaborations with users enhance corporate product innovation and that the benefits are greatest in new technology areas and in the generation of radical innovations.

Anne Moorhead,1 Louise Lynch,1 Fiona Quigley,1 Alexander Miras,2,3 Michael Crotty4 1Institute for Nursing and Health Research, School of Communication and Media, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; 2School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry, Northern Ireland, UK; 3Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK; 4Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin, Republic of IrelandCorrespondence: Anne Moorhead, Institute for Nursing and Health Research, School of Communication and Media, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Ulster University, York Street, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT15 1ED, UK, Email a.moorhead@ulster.ac.ukAbstract: Obesity care is central to addressing the global prevalence of obesity, yet patients still report lack of access to effective obesity-related services. Leadership among healthcare professionals (HCPs) is enacted through clinical decision-making, service design, advocacy, and communication practices that shape patient experience and access to care. In obesity prevention and management, it is therefore critical to translate evidence into effective, equitable practice. This study conducted a scoping review, with the question: “What leadership strategies in obesity care can support healthcare practitioners with effective decisions, communication, and solutions for people living with obesity?”. Data from primary studies were synthesized in accordance with scoping review best practice and PRISMA guidelines. In total, 28 primary studies published between 2014 and 2025 were included. Obesity care and support strategies were mapped inductively according to frequency of strategy approach across studies, resulting in three categories: 1. Structural strategies; 2. General strategies; 3. Population-specific strategies. Findings were then synthesized deductively from the research question under the headings of 1. Communication; 2. Decision-making; and 3. Solutions. Mapping identified that the evidence base reporting adequate strategies remains limited, with gaps across policy, research, and practice compared with other chronic conditions. Key findings highlight calls for leadership at a structural level, particularly towards improving policy to address weight stigma across domains, and ensure that services are adequately resourced and financed. At service levels, the provision of high-quality and evidence-based obesity care requires the need for leadership in the development and evaluation of multi-level, interdisciplinary, and holistic approaches. HCPs also require training with skills for constructive conversations about weight, and in collaborative healthcare planning. To improve outcomes for people living with obesity, healthcare requires coordinated leadership across systems to address the drivers of obesity and ensure equitable access to services that are evidence-based, de-stigmatized, well-resourced, and supported by policy.Plain Language Summary: Obesity care is an important part of helping people to improve their health and quality of life, yet many people around the world living with obesity still struggle to access the right support and services. This review brought together findings from 28 studies published from 2014 to 2025 that describe what helps healthcare professionals provide better care and support for people living with obesity. These studies reported strategies that demonstrate leadership approaches that can support healthcare professionals in making improved decisions, communicating effectively, and providing high-quality care interventions. These were grouped into three main areas:Structural strategies – such as improving policies, research, and funding for obesity care at government or system level.General strategies – such as teamwork and collaboration between different healthcare professionals in services that provide obesity care and support.Population-specific strategies – such as care for women during and after pregnancy, or the different needs that children can have.The review found that healthcare professionals are calling for improved leadership and support beyond primary care and at political and organizational levels. This includes developing better policies, reducing weight stigma in society and in healthcare, and ensuring that obesity services are properly funded and based on the best available evidence. Overall, the findings highlighted that effective obesity support and care need leadership for a joined-up approach across systems and the involvement of different professionals. People living with obesity should have access to services that are evidence-based, respectful, well-resourced, and free from stigma.Keywords: scoping review, obesity leadership, healthcare strategies, healthcare professionals

Objectives To perform geographic contour analysis of sea and land ambulance rescue times in an archipelago subject to super typhoons; to design point-of-care testing strategies for medical emergencies and weather disasters made more intense by global warming and rising oceans; and to assess needs for prehospital testing on spatial care paths that accelerate decision making, increase efficiency, improve outcomes, and enhance standards of care in island nations. Methods We performed needs assessments, inspected healthcare facilities, and collected ambulance rescue times from professionals in the Bantayan Archipelago, Philippines. We mapped sea/land ambulance rescue routes and time contours. To reveal gaps, we statistically compared the fastest and slowest patient rescue times from islands/islets and barangays to the District Hospital on Bantayan Island. We developed spatial care paths (the fastest routes to care) for acute myocardial infarction, community care, and infectious diseases. We generated a compendium of prehospital diagnostic testing and integrated outcomes evidence, diagnostic needs, and public health goals to recommend point-of-care strategies that build geographic health resilience. Results We observed limited access to COVID-19 assays, absence of blood gas/pH testing for critical care support, and spatial gaps in land and airborne rescues that worsened during inclement weather and sea swells. Mean paired differences (slowest-fastest) in ambulance rescue times to the District Hospital for both islands and barangays were significant (P < 0.0001). Spatial care path analysis showed where point-of-care cardiac troponin testing should be implemented for expedited care of acute myocardial infarction. Geospatial strengths comprised distributed primary care that can be facilitated by point-of-care testing, logical interisland transfers for which decision making and triage could be accelerated with onboard diagnostics, and healthcare networks amenable to medical advances in prehospital testing that accelerate treatment. Conclusions Point-of-care testing should be positioned upstream close to homes and island populations that have prolonged rescue time contours. Geospatially optimized point-of-need diagnostics and distributed prehospital testing have high potential to improve outcomes. These improvements will potentially decrease disparities in mortality among archipelago versus urban dwellers, help improve island public health, and enhance resilience for increasingly adverse and frequent climate change weather disasters that impact vulnerable coastal areas. [350 words].

Parkinson disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder in the world, with prevalence expected to exceed 12 million by 2040, which poses significant health care and societal challenges. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems and wearable sensors hold potential for PD diagnosis, personalized symptom monitoring, and progression prediction. Nonetheless, ethical AI adoption requires several core principles, including user trust, transparency, fairness, and human oversight. This study aims to explore and synthesize the perspectives of diverse stakeholders, such as individuals living with PD, health care professionals, AI experts, and bioethicists. The aim was to guide the development of AI-driven digital health solutions, emphasizing transparency, data security, fairness, and bias mitigation while ensuring robust human oversight. These efforts are part of the broader Artificial Intelligence-Based Parkinson's Disease Risk Assessment and Prognosis (AI-PROGNOSIS) European project, dedicated to advancing ethical and effective AI applications in PD diagnosis and management. An exploratory qualitative approach, based on 2 datasets constructed from cocreation workshops, engaged key stakeholders with diverse expertise to gather insights, ensuring a broad range of perspectives and enriching the thematic analysis. A total of 24 participants participated in the cocreation workshops, including 11 (46%) people with PD, 6 (25%) health care professionals, 3 (13%) AI technical experts, 1 (4%) bioethics expert, and 3 (13%) facilitators. Using a semistructured guide, key aspects of the discussion centered on trust, fairness, explainability, autonomy, and the psychological impact of AI in PD care. Thematic analysis of the cocreation workshop transcripts identified 5 key main themes, each explored through various corresponding subthemes. AI trust and security (theme 1) was highlighted, focusing on data safety and the accuracy and reliability of the AI systems. AI transparency and education (theme 2) emphasized the need for educational initiatives and the importance of transparency and explainability of AI technologies. AI bias (theme 3) was identified as a critical theme, addressing issues of bias and fairness and ensuring equitable access to AI-driven health care solutions. Human oversight (theme 4) stressed the significance of AI-human collaboration and the essential role of human review in AI processes. Finally, AI's psychological impact (theme 5) examined the emotional impact of AI on patients and how AI is perceived in the context of PD care. Our findings underline the importance of implementing robust security measures, developing transparent and explainable AI models, reinforcing bias mitigation and reduction strategies and equitable access to treatment, integrating human oversight, and considering the psychological impact of AI-assisted health care. These insights provide actionable guidance for developing trustworthy and effective AI-driven digital PD diagnosis and management solutions.

This article aims to discuss the child care strategies of families in Uruguay. It focuses on the changes and continuity experienced by three generations of men and women with regard to gender-related practices and representations. While it may be assumed that the current context has helped create more equal gender relations, the study shows that there have been some setbacks in the gender division of care-related labor.

Chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Lebanon, straining the healthcare system. Patient empowerment is recognized as a strategy to enhance self-management and outcomes. This study aimed to develop and validate a Patient Empowerment Outcomes (PEO) scale adapted to Lebanon and to examine associated factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 640 adults with chronic conditions using structured face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire included sociodemographic and behavioral items, along with four validated tools: the focused Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (fPACIC), General Practice Interpersonal Care (GPIC), Health Empowerment and Self-Management (HESM), and the new PEO scale. Higher PEO scores were significantly associated with older age (B = 0.102, p  = 0.002), proactive behaviors (B = 5.486, p  = 0.001), and higher GPIC (B = 0.319, p  < 0.0001), HESM (B = 0.681, p  < 0.0001), and fPACIC (B = 0.104, p  = 0.037) scores. Negative associations included greater medication burden (B =  − 0.395, p  = 0.029) and health fatalism (B =  − 1.406, p  = 0.008). The PEO scale is a valid, culturally adapted tool to assess empowerment in Lebanese patients with chronic diseases. Findings highlight the role of communication, self-management, and informed decision-making in guiding patient-centered interventions and policies.

Background The admission to a nursing home is a critical life-event for affected persons as well as their families. Admission related processes are lacking adequate participation of older people and their families. To improve transitions to nursing homes, context- and country-specific knowledge about the current practice is needed. Hence, our aim was to summarize available evidence on challenges and care strategies associated with the admission to nursing homes in Germany. Methods We conducted a scoping review and searched eight major international and German-specific electronic databases for journal articles and grey literature published in German or English language since 1995. Further inclusion criteria were focus on challenges or care strategies in the context of nursing home admissions of older persons and comprehensive and replicable information on methods and results. Posters, only-abstract publications and articles dealing with mixed populations including younger adults were excluded. Challenges and care strategies were identified and analysed by structured content analysis using the TRANSCIT model. Results Twelve studies of 1,384 records were finally included. Among those, seven were qualitative studies, three quantitative observational studies and two mixed methods studies. As major challenges neglected participation of older people, psychosocial burden among family caregivers, inadequate professional cooperation and a lack of shared decision-making and evidence-based practice were identified. Identified care strategies included strengthening shared decision-making and evidence-based practice, improvement in professional cooperation, introduction of specialized transitional care staff and enabling participation for older people. Conclusion Although the process of nursing home admission is considered challenging and tends to neglect the needs of older people, little research is available for the German health care system. The perspective of the older people seems to be underrepresented, as most of the studies focused on caregivers and health professionals. Reported care strategies addressed important challenges, however, these were not developed and evaluated in a comprehensive and systematic way. Future research is needed to examine perspectives of all the involved groups to gain a comprehensive picture of the needs and challenges. Interventions based on existing care strategies should be systematically developed and evaluated to provide the basis of adequate support for older persons and their informal caregivers.