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The 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxypurines (cdPus) affect the DNA structure. When these bulky structures are a part of clustered DNA lesions (CDL), they affect the repair of the other lesions within the cluster. Mitochondria are crucial for cell survival and have their own genome, hence, are highly interesting in the context of CDL repair. However, no studies are exploring this topic. Here, the initial stages of mitochondrial base excision repair (mtBER) were considered—the strand incision and elongation. The repair of a single lesion (apurinic site (AP site)) accompanying the cdPu within the double-stranded CDL has been investigated for the first time. The type of cdPu, its diastereomeric form, and the interlesion distance were taken into consideration. For these studies, the established experimental model of short oligonucleotides (containing AP sites located ≤7 base pairs to the cdPu in both directions) and mitochondrial extracts of the xrs5 cells were used. The obtained results have shown that the presence of cdPus influenced the processing of an AP site within the CDL. Levels of strand incision and elongation were higher for oligos containing RcdA and ScdG than for those with ScdA and RcdG. Investigated stages of mtBER were more efficient for DNA containing AP sites located on 5′-end side of cdPu than on its 3′-end side. In conclusion, the presence of cdPus in mtDNA structure may affect mtBER (processing the second mutagenic lesion within the CDL). As impaired repair processes may lead to serious biological consequences, further studies concerning the mitochondrial repair of CDL are highly demanded.

Ionizing radiation is a factor that seriously damages cellular mechanisms/macromolecules, e.g., by inducing damage in the human genome, such as 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxypurines (cdPus). CdPus may become a component of clustered DNA lesions (CDL), which are notably unfavorable for the base excision repair system (BER). In this study, the influence of 5′S and 5′R diastereomers of 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA) and 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyguanosine (cdG) on the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) and human AP site endonuclease 1 (hAPE1) activity has been taken under consideration. Synthetic oligonucleotides containing 2′-deoxyuridine (dU) and cdPu were used as a model of single-stranded CDL. The activity of the UDG and hAPE1 enzymes decreased in the presence of RcdG compared to ScdG. Contrary to the above, ScdA reduced enzyme activity more than RcdA. The presented results show the influence of cdPus lesions located within CDL on the activity of the initial stages of BER dependently on their position toward dU. Numerous studies have shown the biological importance of cdPus (e.g., as a risk of carcinogenesis). Due to that, it is important to understand how to recognize and eliminate this type of DNA damage from the genome.

, a human fungal pathogen, multiplies to invade body cells and causes fungal diseases in the condition of insufficient body's immune function. Early detection of is required to guide appropriate prevention and treatment. The purpose of this study was to establish a assay based on newly developed closed dumbbell-mediated isothermal amplification (CDA) to achieve rapid and simple point of care diagnostic. The CDA technique was carried out by specific primers targeting at the conserved ITS2 gene. All primers were selected and evaluated by real-time fluorescence monitoring and endpoint visual judgement indicated by hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB). Optimal primers and accelerate primers (out primers and loop primers) were designed and selected after confirmation of the fundamental CDA primers to achieve more efficient CDA reaction for detection (CA-OL-CDA). After establishment of the assay, 9 strains, including 3 species were tested to negative by adopting the established CA-OL-CDA assay, indicated high specificity. The limit of detection of DNA by CA-OL-CDA assay was 6.2×10 ng/μL of DNA (10 copies/μL), 10-fold more sensitive than real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The CA-OL-CDA assay exhibited advantages of high specificity, sensitivity, simpler and more efficient operation. In addition, the CA-OL-CDA method holds potential in on-site detection for using color shift by adopting the reaction mixture based on HNB.

To address the low detection accuracy of existing aluminum-profile surface defect algorithms, an improved YOLOv8s-based model named CDA-YOLOv8 is proposed. The CG Block replaces the original 3 × 3 downsampling convolution, and the Dilation-Wise Residual (DWR) module refines the Bottleneck structure in C2f, enhancing multi-scale feature extraction and small-object detection. To mitigate the loss of micro-defect features, an ASFP2 Detection Layer is constructed by integrating a Small-object Detection Layer with the SSFF module and embedding it into the YOLOv8s Neck. With these improvements, the CDA-YOLOv8 model significantly improves the detection accuracy of aluminum-profile surface defects such as scratches, stains, and paint bubbles. Experiments conducted on an aluminum-profile dataset containing 3,229 images and ten defect categories demonstrate notable performance gains, with mAP@0.5 increasing from 83.7% to 88.1%, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical workflows is advancing even before full compliance with the European Union Cross-Border eHealth Network (MyHealth@EU) framework is achieved. While AI-based clinical decision support systems are automatically classified as high risk under the European Union’s AI Act, cross-border health data exchange must also satisfy MyHealth@EU interoperability requirements. This creates a dual-compliance challenge: vertical safety and ethics controls mandated by the AI Act and horizontal semantic transport requirements enforced through Open National Contact Point (OpenNCP) gateways, many of which are still maturing toward production readiness. This paper provides a practical, phase-oriented tutorial that enables developers and providers to embed AI Act safeguards before approaching MyHealth@EU interoperability tests. The goal is to show how AI-specific metadata can be included in the Health Level Seven International Clinical Document Architecture and Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources messages without disrupting standard structures, ensuring both compliance and trustworthiness in AI-assisted clinical decisions. We systematically analyzed Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act) and the OpenNCP technical specifications, extracting a harmonized set of overlapping obligations. The AI Act provisions on transparency, provenance, and robustness are mapped directly onto MyHealth@EU workflows, identifying the points where outgoing messages must record AI involvement, log provenance, and trigger validation. To operationalize this mapping, we propose a minimal extension set, covering AI contribution status, rationale, risk classification, and Annex IV documentation links, together with a phase-based compliance checklist that aligns AI Act controls with MyHealth@EU conformance steps. A simulated International Patient Summary transmission demonstrates how Clinical Document Architecture/Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources extensions can annotate AI involvement, how OpenNCP processes such enriched payloads, and how clinicians in another member state view the result with backward compatibility preserved. We expand on security considerations (eg, Open Worldwide Application Security Project generative AI risks such as prompt injection and adversarial inputs), continuous postmarket risk assessment, monitoring, and alignment with MyHealth@EU’s incident aggregation system. Limitations reflect the immaturity of current infrastructures and regulations, with real-world validation pending the rollout of key dependencies. AI-enabled clinical software succeeds only when AI Act safeguards and MyHealth@EU interoperability rules are engineered together from day 0 . This tutorial provides developers with a forward-looking blueprint that reduces duplication of effort, streamlines conformance testing, and embeds compliance early. While the concept is still in its early phases of practice, it represents a necessary and worthwhile direction for ensuring that future AI-enabled clinical systems can meet both European Union regulatory requirements from day 1. risks such as prompt injection and adversarial inputs), continuous postmarket risk assessment, monitoring, and alignment with MyHealth@EU’s incident aggregation system. Limitations reflect the immaturity of current infrastructures and regulations, with real-world validation pending the rollout of key dependencies.

Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) has become an alternative treatment for cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. This technique preserves appropriate motion at both the index and adjacent disc levels and consequently may prevent adjacent segment degeneration (ASD). The authors performed a meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of CDA to those of the gold standard, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Both surgical and clinical parameters were employed to verify the hypothesis that CDA can reduce the risk of ASD. The meta-analysis comprised high-quality randomized controlled trials that compared CDA and ACDF treatments of cervical degenerative disc disease. Included papers reported data for at least one of the following outcomes: 1) surgical parameters, 2) questionnaire clinical indices (pre- and postoperative values), and 3) complication rates at 24 months; in addition, for ASD we analyzed 60 month or longer follow-ups. We used mean differences (MDs) or ORs to compare treatment effects between CDA and ACDF. Twenty studies with 3,656 patients (2,140 with CDA and 1,516 with ACDF) met the inclusion criteria. CDA surgery, with mean duration longer than that of ACDF, was associated with higher blood loss. Visual analog scale neck pain score was significantly smaller for CDA (mean difference =-2.30, 95% CI [-3.72; -0.87], =0.002). The frequency of dysphagia/dysphonia (OR =0.69, 95% CI [0.49; 0.98], =0.04) as well as the long-term ASD rate for CDA was significantly smaller (OR =0.33, 95% CI [0.21; 0.50], <0.0001). A significantly lower probability of ASD reoperations in the CDA cohort after a 60-month or longer follow-up was the most important finding of this study. Despite the moderate quality of this evidence, the pooled data corroborated for the very first time that CDA was efficacious in preventing ASD.

Because of functionality evolution, or security and performance-related changes, some APIs eventually become unnecessary in a software system and thus need to be cleaned to ensure proper maintainability. Those APIs are typically marked first as deprecated APIs and, as recommended, follow through a deprecated-replace-remove cycle, giving an opportunity to client application developers to smoothly adapt their code in next updates. Such a mechanism is adopted in the Android framework development where thousands of reusable APIs are made available to Android app developers. In this work, we present a research-based prototype tool called CDA and apply it to different revisions (i.e., releases or tags) of the Android framework code for characterising deprecated APIs. Based on the data mined by CDA, we then perform an empirical study on API deprecation in the Android ecosystem and the associated challenges for maintaining quality apps. In particular, we investigate the prevalence of deprecated APIs, their annotations and documentation, their removal and consequences, their replacement messages, developer reactions to API deprecation, as well as the evolution of the usage of deprecated APIs. Experimental results reveal several findings that further provide promising insights related to deprecated Android APIs. Notably, by mining the source code of the Android framework base, we have identified three bugs related to deprecated APIs. These bugs have been quickly assigned and positively appreciated by the framework maintainers, who claim that these issues will be updated in future releases.

During the past decade, detailed studies using well-defined ‘second generation’ chitosans have amply proved that both their material properties and their biological activities are dependent on their molecular structure, in particular on their degree of polymerisation (DP) and their fraction of acetylation (FA). Recent evidence suggests that the pattern of acetylation (PA), i.e., the sequence of acetylated and non-acetylated residues along the linear polymer, is equally important, but chitosan polymers with defined, non-random PA are not yet available. One way in which the PA will influence the bioactivities of chitosan polymers is their enzymatic degradation by sequence-dependent chitosan hydrolases present in the target tissues. The PA of the polymer substrates in conjunction with the subsite preferences of the hydrolases determine the type of oligomeric products and the kinetics of their production and further degradation. Thus, the bioactivities of chitosan polymers will at least in part be carried by the chitosan oligomers produced from them, possibly through their interaction with pattern recognition receptors in target cells. In contrast to polymers, partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) can be fully characterised concerning their DP, FA, and PA, and chitin deacetylases (CDAs) with different and known regio-selectivities are currently emerging as efficient tools to produce fully defined paCOS in quantities sufficient to probe their bioactivities. In this review, we describe the current state of the art on how CDAs can be used in forward and reverse mode to produce all of the possible paCOS dimers, trimers, and tetramers, most of the pentamers and many of the hexamers. In addition, we describe the biotechnological production of the required fully acetylated and fully deacetylated oligomer substrates, as well as the purification and characterisation of the paCOS products.

Objective: To examine the management of power by doctors in medical consultations. The power is defined here as a dialogic, egalitarian, and patient-centered. Study Design: Qualitative study. Place and Duration of Study: Out-patient departments of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from Nov 2019 for two weeks. Methodology: The data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations from outpatient departments of Mayo Hospital. Bourdieu's Social Practice Theory and Fairclough’s theory of Power and Language were used as a theoretical framework in the community of practice, for the interpretation of the qualitative data sets. Results: The interpretations of relational power by doctors and patients surface three themes: Power, Power and Solidarity, and Solidarity. Although power-sharing is the modern rhetoric, it is hardly conceptualized in the selected hospital. Conclusion: With a proliferation of patient-centered approach of the medical profession, power-sharing with patients might perpetuate dissatisfaction among the participants.