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"CELIBACY"
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The Manly Priest
During the High Middle Ages, members of the Anglo-Norman clergy not only routinely took wives but also often prepared their own sons for ecclesiastical careers. As the Anglo-Norman Church began to impose clerical celibacy on the priesthood, reform needed to be carefully negotiated, as it relied on the acceptance of a new definition of masculinity for religious men, one not dependent on conventional male roles in society.The Manly Priesttells the story of the imposition of clerical celibacy in a specific time and place and the resulting social tension and conflict.
No longer able to tie manliness to marriage and procreation, priests were instructed to embrace virile chastity, to become manly celibates who continually warred with the desires of the body. Reformers passed legislation to eradicate clerical marriages and prevent clerical sons from inheriting their fathers' benefices. In response, some married clerics authored tracts to uphold their customs of marriage and defend the right of a priest's son to assume clerical office. This resistance eventually waned, as clerical celibacy became the standard for the priesthood.
By the thirteenth century, ecclesiastical reformers had further tightened the standard of priestly masculinity by barring other typically masculine behaviors and comportment: gambling, tavern-frequenting, scurrilous speech, and brawling. Charting the progression of the new model of religious masculinity for the priesthood, Jennifer Thibodeaux illustrates this radical alteration and concludes not only that clerical celibacy was a hotly contested movement in high medieval England and Normandy, but that this movement created a new model of manliness for the medieval clergy.
eBook
CP-108 Evaluation of clinical pharmacist interventions in a university hospital located in a rural area in Lebanon
Background The clinical pharmacist’s role has grown considerably in recent years due to its prominence in coordinating with healthcare professionals to achieve optimal health outcomes. Few studies have been published regarding clinical pharmacist interventions in Lebanese hospitals, and none have been done concerning remote hospitals. Purpose To evaluate the impact of a clinical pharmacist as a member of the healthcare team and as a drug information source, and to evaluate the acceptance rate of clinical pharmacist interventions at the Centre Hospitalier du Nord (CHN) University Hospital located in a rural region of Lebanon. Materials and methods A 12-month prospective analysis was conducted in the Internal Medicine department of CHN where a clinical pharmacist attended daily rounds for 3–4 h and spent the rest of the working hours checking prescriptions and answering drug information questions. All interventions performed were documented on a ‘Pharmacist Intervention Form’. After data entry, the statistics were analysed by the clinical pharmacist, reported and discussed every 2 months at the Pharmacy and Therapeutics committee. Results 1631 interventions were performed by the clinical pharmacist; 91% were accepted and 9% were rejected. The types of interventions made were as follows: order clarification (26%), alternate route (19%), therapeutic consultation (14%), drug information (11%), dose adjustment in renal impairment (8%), followed by the other 7 categories. These results expose both a high acceptance rate and versatility in intervention types not shown in previously published studies concerning this topic. Conclusions This study shows the effect of including a clinical pharmacist in the healthcare team for all the added value that he/ she offers in the different areas of interventions while achieving a high approval rate. The significance of the results is more pronounced because it took place in a remote hospital where the clinical pharmacist has scarce human, financial and logistical resources. No conflict of interest.
Journal Article
Involuntary Celibacy: A Review of Incel Ideology and Experiences with Dating, Rejection, and Associated Mental Health and Emotional Sequelae
Purpose of Review
Incels (involuntary celibates) have recently garnered media attention for seemingly random attacks of violence. Much attention has centered around the misogynistic and violent discourse that has taken place in online incel forums as well as manifestos written by incels who have perpetrated deadly attacks. Such work overlooks the experiences and issues faced by incels themselves, the majority of which have not engaged in any violent behavior.
Recent Findings
A small number of studies have recruited incels. Results from these studies highlight the nuanced nature of the incel identity. It is also apparent that incels suffer from high levels of romantic rejection and a greater degree of depressive and anxious symptoms, insecure attachment, fear of being single, and loneliness.
Summary
Incels report significant issues pertaining to their mental, social, and relational well-being and may seek support from forums that often feature misogynistic and violent content.
Journal Article
Femcel Discussions of Sex, Frustration, Power, and Revenge
Although male incels have received a great deal of scholarly attention in recent years, there has been almost no research on femcels (involuntarily celibate women). After collecting data from more than 24,000 femcel posts, we drew from a recently developed sexual frustration theory and conducted qualitative analyses of approximately 1200. Overall, our findings suggest that (1) femcels struggled with multiple types of sexual frustration; (2) they frequently discussed the gender dynamics of both sex and power; (3) they were more interested in their own frustrations than men’s frustrations; and (4) despite some notable exceptions, they exhibited less support for aggression, violence, and crime than what has been reported about male incels. Although some femcels referenced their anger, hatred, or desires for revenge, this antipathy may have been rooted in their concerns about how to find a suitable intimate partner while avoiding the threat women often face from violent men. Despite this challenge, most femcels who wanted to enhance their situation or increase their power sought to do so through legal means (e.g., self-improvement, group mobilization, or challenging the patriarchy) and did not express violent intent. Further research on femcels, and the evidence-based strategies that could help them, would be a significant contribution to society.
Journal Article
Paul and Secular Singleness in 1 Corinthians 7
In the first chapter, Danylak notes that the prevailing interpretation of 1 Corinthians 7 is that Paul is responding to questions motivated by an interest in sexual asceticism (within or apart from marriage). In order to argue that a practical (or \"secular\") singleness is in view, Danylak argues that eschatological concerns (although important to Paul) do not inform Paul's comments about marriage, and the \"present crisis\" described in 7:26 is not eschatological but refers to geotemporal phenomena (probably a food shortage). [...]one could argue that Danylak understates the role of eschatology in 1 Corinthians 7, and his work would be paired well with the eschatologically oriented arguments in Judith Gundry's forthcoming contribution, Women, Gender and Sex in the End-Time: Household Roles in 1 Corinthians 7 (Mohr Siebeck, 2025).
Journal Article
Gandhi's Ascetic Activism
More than six decades after his death, Mohandas Gandhi continues to inspire those who seek political and social liberation through nonviolent means. Uniquely, Gandhi placed celibacy and other renunciatory disciplines at the center of his nonviolent political strategy, conducting original experiments with their possibilities to gain practical, moral, and even miraculous powers for social change. Gandhi's abstinence in marriage, eccentric views on sexuality, and odd ways of including his female associates in his practices continue to cause ambivalence among scholars and students. Through a comprehensive study of Gandhi's own words, select Indian religious texts and myths that he used, and the historical and cultural context of his activism, Veena R. Howard shows how Gandhi's ascetic disciplines helped him mobilize millions. She explores Gandhi's creative use of renunciation in challenging established paradigms of confrontational politics, passive asceticism, and oppressive social customs. Howard's book sheds new light on the creative possibilities Gandhi discovered in combining personal renunciation, sacrifice, ritual, and myth for modern day social action.
eBook