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Charcoal
\"For young artists who don't mind getting a little messy, charcoal can be a thrilling new art form to master. This engaging guide is the perfect tool for young artists who want to learn this expressive black-and-white medium. Creative projects help young artists master the fundamentals of working with charcoals as they make their own incredible works of art. Step-by-step instructions with full-color photographs make each project accessible. With a gorgeous design and simple instructions, young artists will flock to this informative volume.\" -- provided by publisher
Book
Biochar
Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields. Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature. Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses. Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar.
eBook
Terra preta : how the world's most fertile soil can help reverse climate change and reduce world hunger : with instructions on how to make this soil at home
\"Terra preta, meaning \"black earth\" in Portuguese, is a very dark, fertile soil first made by the original inhabitants of the Amazon Basin at least 2,500 years ago. According to a growing community of international scientists, this ancient soil, sometimes referred to as biochar, could solve two of the greatest problems facing the world: climate change and the hunger crisis. This comprehensive book condenses everything we know about terra preta and provides instructions for how to make it. Both passionate and practical, the book offers indispensable advice for how to create a better world from the ground up.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
PRODUCTORES CARBONEROS EN LA ZONA DE SAN JOSÉ DEL BOQUERÓN (SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, ARGENTINA). UN ESTUDIO EXPLORATORIO DE SUS ESTRATEGIAS DE VIDA Y REPRODUCCIÓN
In this paper I give a qualitative account of the place of charcoal production in the life and reproduction strategies of the subjects who engage in this trade in the area of San José del Boquerón, in the north of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Charcoal there is invariably produced on a small scale within the framework of multiple systems, in combination with other on- and off-farm activities. [...]charcoal production as such does not define a homogeneous economic subject, and its functional value depends on the system within which it is carried out. ?e product is marketed through local traders; in this first link of the value chain, we don't find an asymmetric power relationship placing the producers in a situation of dependency, but rather a competitive market, albeit outside the law. ?e sustainability of the charcoal burners' economy depends on the ways in which they manage the limits of the natural systems in which they work, i. e. on the forest management they carry out, of which I offer a preliminary characterization here. A critical aspect of charcoal production is its impact on workers' health, which they themselves recognize, and therefore on their work trajectories; I discuss here how they try to manage that risk, mainly by limiting work to a certain period of life.
Journal Article
Effects of charcoal-based whitening toothpastes on human enamel in terms of color, surface roughness, and microhardness: an in vitro study
Objective
Charcoal based oral care products have gained popularity in the last few years. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of different charcoal based whitening toothpastes on color, surface roughness and microhardness of human enamel.
Materials and methods
Forty-eight specimens obtained from human permanent upper incisor teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=12):Group-1:Colgate Total 12(CT); Group-2:Body Kingdom(BK); Group-3:Black is White(BW), Group-4:Colgate optic white(COW). Following 4 days cycle of darkening(2-min chlorhexidine and 60-min black tea per day), a 12- week brushing(twice daily for 1 min)was performed. Color of specimens was measured using a spectrophotometer. A contact type profilometer was used to measure surface roughness (Ra) and Vicker's hardness tester was used for the changes in microhardness(VHN). A representative sample from each group was visualized by SEM. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, Welch, Fisher's, Kruskall-Wallis, Wilcoxon Sign Rank and Paired t-tests(p<0.05).
Results
After 12- week brushing, no differences were found among the groups in terms of color change(p=0.989). All toothpastes tested showed no clinically acceptable whitening performances. A substantial increase in surface roughness was found in all groups, except BW(p<0.05). An increase was found in microhardness with CT(p=0.013), while no changes were found with BK, BW and COW(p>0.05).Only few scratches were observed on the enamel surfaces by SEM evaluations.
Conclusion
Twelve week brushing with charcoal based whitening toothpastes and a regular fluoridated toothpaste presented similar effects in color of enamel. Surface roughness was increased(except BW) while microhardness was not affected(except CT) with charcoal based whitening toothpastes.
Clinical relevance
Charcoal based whitening toothpastes do not promise to whiten the human permanent teeth and their effects on enamel abrasion should not be disregarded.
Journal Article
Pulmonary aspiration after activated charcoal in unintentional acute poisonings in childhood
IntroductionAlthough the administration of activated charcoal (AC) is considered safe, the associated risk of pulmonary aspiration explains certain reluctance of physicians to use this procedure. The objective of this study was to analyse the rate of pulmonary aspiration in children receiving AC after accidental ingestion of a toxic substance.MethodsWe carried out a substudy of a multicentre prospective registry-based cohort study including children presenting with acute poisoning to 58 paediatric emergency department (EDs) members of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine between 2008 and 2022 on certain previously designated days.ResultsDuring the study period, we registered 1983 episodes corresponding to accidental ingestion of a toxic substance in patients less than 7 years old. Of them, 517 (26.1%) received AC, 167 (32.3%) via a nasogastric tube. In most cases, the substance swallowed was a medication (paracetamol, psychotropics, and cough and cold medications accounting for 91.6% of episodes) and 419 children (81%) were asymptomatic on arrival to the ED. Gastric lavage was performed in 81 cases (15.7%). After receiving AC, 448 children (86.6%) were managed as outpatients (329 after a less than 24-hour stay in the ED observation unit).All patients did well, and no cases of pulmonary aspiration were reported, regardless of the route of AC administration.ConclusionsThe administration of AC to children after accidental ingestion of a toxic substance seems to be safe, regardless of the route of administration. Efforts are required to improve the ED management of these children.
Journal Article
Co-application of ACC-deaminase producing PGPR and timber-waste biochar improves pigments formation, growth and yield of wheat under drought stress
Besides other deleterious effects, drought elevates ethylene level too in plants. Increased ethylene concentration reduces root elongation and development that consequently retard plant growth and yield. There are certain PGPR which produce ACC-deaminase. The ACC-deaminase converts ACC (an immediate precursor of ethylene biosynthesis in methionine pathway in higher plants) into ammonia and α-ketobutyrate instead of ethylene. Regularization of ethylene level in plants mitigate the effects of drought. On the other hand, biochar has been reported to be rich in nutrients and exhibiting higher water holding capacity. So, a pot study was conducted with the hypothesis that the combined application of ACC-deaminase producing PGPR and biochar would minimize the drought effects on wheat growth. The ACC-deaminase producing PGPR were applied on wheat seeds in combination with two biochar doses. Three moisture levels were maintained throughout the trial. The data obtained revealed that
B
.
amyloliquefaciens
+ 2BC improved the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, 100-grain weight, and grain N, P and K up to 114%, 123%, 118%, 73%, 59%, 58%, 18% and 23%, respectively, under drought conditions. It is concluded that co-application of PGPR and biochar is an effective technique to mitigate the drought effects.
Journal Article
Effect of Activated Charcoal on Apixaban Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Subjects
Background
Activated charcoal is commonly used to manage overdose or accidental ingestion of medicines. This study evaluated the effect of activated charcoal on apixaban exposure in human subjects.
Methods
This was an open-label, three-treatment, three-period, randomized, crossover study of single-dose apixaban (20 mg) administered alone and with activated charcoal given at 2 or 6 h post-dose to healthy subjects. Blood samples for assay of plasma apixaban concentration were collected up to 72 h post-dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including peak plasma concentration (
C
max
), time to
C
max
(
T
max
), area under the concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC
INF
), and terminal half-life (
T
½
), were derived from apixaban plasma concentration–time data. A general linear mixed-effect model analysis of
C
max
and AUC
INF
was performed to estimate the effect of activated charcoal on apixaban exposure.
Results
A total of 18 subjects were treated and completed the study. AUC
INF
for apixaban without activated charcoal decreased by 50 and 28 %, respectively, when charcoal was administered at 2 and 6 h post-dose. Apixaban
C
max
and
T
max
were similar across treatments. The mean
T
½
for apixaban alone (13.4 h) decreased to ~5 h when activated charcoal was administered at 2 or 6 h post-dose. Overall, apixaban was well tolerated in this healthy population, and most adverse events were consistent with the known profile of activated charcoal.
Conclusion
Administration of activated charcoal up to 6 h after apixaban reduced apixaban exposure and facilitated the elimination of apixaban. These results suggest that activated charcoal may be useful in the management of apixaban overdose or accidental ingestion.
Journal Article