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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors. There are several classification systems, and all of them have been validated.The article aims to summarize the existing classification systems of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.A critical evaluation was based on the data available from existing studies.The classification of the European neuroendocrine tumor society is the one with the clinical benefits.The lack of unified classification systems creates incomplete epidemiologic data, leading to confusion among pathologists and clinicians.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (cis‐9, trans‐11, CLA)/(trans‐10, cis‐12, CLA) has been extensively studied for its role in obesity control and metabolic diseases. This review explores the molecular characteristics of CLA, its metabolic pathways, and its inconsistent effects on lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, energy expenditure, and inflammation. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that CLA may promote fat oxidation and modulate adipocyte function; however, inconsistent findings highlight dose‐dependent outcomes and individual variability in response. The dual nature of CLA, showing both beneficial and adverse effects, raises questions about its long‐term safety and efficacy. This review critically examines CLA's molecular role in obesity and metabolic regulation, providing insights into its therapeutic promise and limitations. Future research should focus on personalized approaches to CLA supplementation, considering genetic and lifestyle factors for tailored nutritional guidance. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulates lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, energy expenditure, and inflammation, showing anti‐obesity effects in animal models. However, human studies reveal inconsistent outcomes due to dosage, isomer type, and individual variability. Personalized supplementation strategies are essential to maximize CLA's benefits while minimizing metabolic risks.

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, mainly caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas). It encodes a large number of Sec-dependent effectors that contribute to HLB progression. In this study, an elicitor triggering ROS burst and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, CLIBASIA₀4425 (CLas4425), was identified. Of particular interest, its cell death-inducing activity is associated with its subcellular localization and the cytoplasmic receptor Botrytis-induced kinase 1 (BIK1). Compared with CLas infected psyllids, CLas4425 showed higher expression level in planta. The transient expression of CLas4425 in N. benthamiana and its overexpression in Citrus sinensis enhanced plant susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 ΔhopQ1-1 and CLas, respectively. Furthermore, the salicylic acid (SA) level along with the expression of genes NPR1/EDS1/NDR1/PRs in SA signal transduction was repressed in CLas4425 transgenic citrus plants. Taken together, CLas4425 is a virulence factor that promotes CLas proliferation, likely by interfering with SA-mediated plant immunity. The results obtained facilitate our understanding of CLas pathogenesis.

In the secure vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), certificateless aggregate signature schemes(CLAS) have attracted more and more attention because they can efficiently implement message aggregation and authentication without complex certificate management. Recently, Zheng et al. proposed an efficient and privacy-protecting certificateless aggregate signature scheme, which is applicable to VANETs. However, through in-depth analysis, we found that it is vulnerable to temporary rogue key attacks. That is, an adversary can exploit the random numbers in signatures to generate an ephemeral rogue key, enabling him/her to forge an aggregate signature using both this rogue key and his/her private key. Furthermore, the forged signature can pass the verification without being detected. This paper fixes this vulnerability and proposes a security-enhanced CLAS scheme for VANETs. Specifically, our improved solution incorporates an additional aggregator’s signature into the original framework and implements simultaneous verification of both the aggregator’s signature and the aggregate signature to effectively resist rogue key attacks. In terms of security, we conducted a rigorous analysis of the security-enhanced CLAS scheme. In addition, through performance evaluation experiments, we compare the computational complexity and communication overhead of the security-enhanced CLAS scheme and some other schemes. The experimental results show that the security-enhanced CLAS scheme demonstrates significant advantages in both computational efficiency and communication cost while maintaining security. Our method can provide valuable references for the design of security solutions in related fields.

Huanglonbing (HLB) is the most serious disease of citrus in the world, associated with three non-cultivable phloem-restricted bacteria Liberibacter asiaticus ( Las), L. africanus ( Laf) and L. americanus ( Lam). Las is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid , and has spread to several countries. The African psyllid , the vector of Laf occurs in Africa and neighbouring islands. Only two major citrus-growing regions - Australia/New Zealand and the Mediterranean Basin - are still HLB-free in the world. However, has recently been introduced into continental Europe (Portugal and Spain) and has become a potential threat to citrus production. The transmission of Las by had been postulated but never tested. To evaluate the risk of transmitting Las, comparative transmissions of Las by and were assessed. Transmission tests were performed on excised leaves and seedlings of with different inoculation access periods (in series) for both insect species. Quantifications of bacterial titers were made in excised leaves, seedlings three and six months after inoculation and on individual insects. Our results showed that was able to efficiently acquire Las. Furthermore, carried significantly higher bacterial titers than , and was able to efficiently transmit the bacteria to seedlings at a similar rate that highlighting the high risk of spread of the most aggressive variant of HLB ( Las) by in Europe. Thus, extreme precautions to prevent any entry of Las into Europe should be adopted.

Obesity and its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, are straining our healthcare system, necessitating the development of novel strategies for weight loss. Lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and caloric restriction, have proven effective against obesity in the short term, yet obesity persists because of the high predilection for weight regain. Therefore, alternative approaches to achieve long term sustainable weight loss are urgently needed. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid found naturally in ruminant animal food products, has been identified as a potential anti-obesogenic agent, with substantial efficacy in mice, and modest efficacy in obese human populations. Originally described as an anti-carcinogenic fatty acid, in addition to its anti-obesogenic effects, CLA has now been shown to possess anti-atherosclerotic properties. This review summarizes the pre-clinical and human studies conducted using CLA to date, which collectively suggest that CLA has efficacy against cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In addition, the potential mechanisms for the many integrative physiological effects of CLA supplementation will be discussed in detail, including an introduction to the gut microbiota as a potential mediator of CLA effects on obesity and atherosclerosis.

Wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs) enable continuous patient monitoring by transmitting sensitive physiological data over open wireless links. Given the resource-constrained nature and large-scale deployment of such networks, authentication mechanisms must be both lightweight and privacy-preserving. Moreover, due to the frequent turnover of patients and devices in hospital environments, timely member revocation is crucial to prevent discharged or compromised entities from injecting forged reports that could mislead medical diagnosis. Although existing pairing-free certificateless aggregate authentication schemes are efficient, they often suffer from critical security and privacy vulnerabilities. Recently, an efficient certificateless authentication scheme with revocation has been proposed. However, our analysis reveals that the scheme presents the following security vulnerabilities: (i) member witnesses can be recovered from public information, (ii) revocation checks can be bypassed via identity grafting attack, and (iii) user identities can be linked due to the long-term use of static pseudonyms. To address these issues, we propose a security-enhanced certificateless aggregate authentication protocol with revocation for WMSNs. Our design enforces strong identity–membership binding to resist grafting attacks, employs a non-interactive zero-knowledge membership proof to preserve witness secrecy, and adopts dynamic pseudonym rotation to achieve unlinkability. We provide formal security proofs and comprehensive performance comparisons. The results indicate that, at the same security level, our protocol achieves more efficient signature verification while maintaining communication overhead comparable to existing schemes. In addition, the overhead introduced by our revocation mechanism remains constant, making it well suited for large-scale WMSNs deployments with frequent membership changes.

Fatty acids from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched egg yolk suppressed the viability of the MCF-7 cancer line more effectively than non-enriched egg yolk. Herein we aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms by analysing the expression and activation of proteins involved in cellular stress and apoptosis signaling. Forty-eight Isa Brown laying hens (26-week-old) were fed a fortified (0.75% CLA) or a control diet (0% CLA) for 4 months. Collected eggs were used to obtain CLA-enriched (EFA-CLA) or non-enriched (EFA) fatty acid extracts for the treatment of the MCF-7 cancer cell line. Protein levels were analysed by PathScan® Stress and Apoptosis Signalling Antibody Array and western blot method. Treatment with EFA-CLA led to activation of caspase signalling as main effector of apoptosis. It also increased levels of pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 family proteins as well as promoted the release of cytochrome c, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase and mitochondrial serine protease from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. EFA-CLA increased levels of tumour protein 53 and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 tumour suppressors, and activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase proteins. Finally, treatment down-regulated anti-apoptotic extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, heat-shock protein 27, inhibitor of nuclear factor κβ, transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 and survivin proteins. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway may be a potential mechanism of EFA-CLA action.

•Auditory stimuli were presented at specific phases of slow waves during sleep.•Inter-stimulus interval (ISI) determines global vs. local modulation of slow waves.•Short ISIs in stimulus trains enable local, phase-specific modulation of slow waves.•Long ISIs evoke a global K-complex response irrespective of the targeted phase.•Different EEG responses suggest the engagement of distinct neural circuits. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the role of the targeted slow-wave phase in determining the direction and spatial specificity of slow-wave activity (SWA) modulation via phase-targeted auditory stimulation (PTAS) during sleep. To reconcile these discrepancies, we re-analyzed high-density electroencephalography (hd-EEG) data from previous studies, focusing on SWA responses to auditory stimuli presented with varying inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs). Our analysis reveals that ISI is a primary determinant of PTAS-induced SWA modulation, exceeding the influence of targeted phase alone. Specifically, auditory stimulation with longer ISIs evoked a global increase in SWA, consistent with a stereotypical auditory-evoked K-complex (KC), independent of targeted phase. Conversely, longer stimulus trains with rapid successive stimulus presentation resulted in spatially localized, phase-dependent SWA modulation, with up-PTAS enhancing and down-PTAS reducing SWA locally around the targeted area. This distinction resolves inconsistencies in prior PTAS studies by demonstrating that phase alone is insufficient in predicting slow-wave responses. Rather, it was the ISI which determined whether PTAS resulted in a global, KC-mediated response or a local, phase-specific modulation of SWA. Consequently, our findings refine the mechanistic understanding of PTAS, suggesting that ISI regulates the engagement of distinct neural circuits and thereby potentially enables the targeted manipulation of specific slow-wave subtypes and their associated functions.