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Degradation of various types of lignocellulosic biomass that require harsh pretreatment and abnormal operating conditions often occur in presence of a large amount of salt. Therefore, identification and use of stable and halotolerant cellulases is essential for industrial lignocellulose applications under extreme pH and temperature. This study focuses on discovering a novel thermostable and halotolerant cellulase from rumen microbiota by employing a multi-stage in-silico screening pipeline. According to this cost-effective strategy, the new PersiCel3 was cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized. The enzyme demonstrated suitable thermal and storage stability. To improve the thermal stability and halotolerance of the enzyme, it was immobilized on the CMC-based hydrogel. The maximum activity of the PersiCel3 could be seen in the concentration of 3 M NaCl for both free (132.46%) and immobilized (197.47%) enzyme. Applying both the free and immobilized PersiCel3 on degrading the rice straw in saline condition leads to an increment in generating the reducing sugars. The immobilized enzyme presented a significant enhancement in the hydrolysis of rice straw in saline conditions compared to its free form. Our results demonstrated the potential of the robust PersiCel3 in the harsh condition and the superb performance of the immobilized enzyme for the lignocellulosic biomass industries to increase the yield of value-added products in high temperatures and saline conditions.Graphic abstract

This study aims to develop efficient and sustainable hydrogels for dye adsorption, addressing the critical need for improved wastewater treatment methods. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels grafted with AAc were synthesized using gamma radiation polymerization. Various AAc to CMC ratios (5:5, 5:7.5, 5:10, 5:15) were treated with 37% NaOH and exposed to 1–15 kGy radiation, with the optimal hydrogel obtained at 5 kGy. Swelling studies showed an increase in swelling with 5–7.5% AAc content, with the 5:7.5 hydrogel achieving the highest swelling at 18,774.60 (g/g). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the interaction between AAc and CMC, indicating the successful formation of the hydrogel. DSC analysis revealed that higher AAc content led to increased glass transition and decomposition temperatures, thereby enhancing thermal stability. The swelling kinetics were linked to a reduction in pore size and improved AAc grafting. The 5:7.5 hydrogel demonstrated the highest adsorption capacity (681 mg/g) for methylene blue at 80 mg/L, achieving a desorption efficiency of 95% in 2M HCl. Kinetic analysis revealed non-uniform physisorption on a heterogeneous surface, which followed Schott’s pseudo-second-order model. This study advances the development of efficient hydrogels for water purification, providing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for large-scale applications.