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This study investigates the impacts of bismuth and tin on the production of CH₄ and volatile fatty acids in a microbial electrosynthesis cell with a continuous CO₂ supply. First, the impact of several transition metal ions (Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Sn²⁺, Mn²⁺, MoO₄²⁻, and Bi³⁺) on hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenic microbial activity was evaluated in a series of batch bottle tests incubated with anaerobic sludge and a pre-defined concentration of dissolved transition metals. While Cu is considered a promising catalyst for the electrocatalytic conversion of CO₂ to short chain fatty acids such as acetate, its presence as a Cu²⁺ ion was demonstrated to significantly inhibit the microbial production of CH₄ and acetate. At the same time, CH₄ production increased in the presence of Bi³⁺ (0.1 g L⁻¹) and remained unchanged at the same concentration of Sn²⁺. Since Sn is of interest due to its catalytic properties in the electrochemical CO₂ conversion, Bi and Sn were added to the cathode compartment of a laboratory-scale microbial electrosynthesis cell (MESC) to achieve an initial concentration of 0.1 g L⁻¹. While an initial increase in CH₄ (and acetate for Sn²⁺) production was observed after the first injection of the metal ions, after the second injection, CH₄ production declined. Acetate accumulation was indicative of the reduced activity of acetoclastic methanogens, likely due to the high partial pressure of H₂. The modification of a carbon-felt electrode by the electrodeposition of Sn metal on its surface prior to cathode inoculation with anaerobic sludge showed a doubling of CH₄ production in the MESC and a lower concentration of acetate, while the electrodeposition of Bi resulted in a decreased CH₄ production.

Acetogenic bacteria produce CO2‐based chemicals in aqueous media by hydrogenotrophic conversion of CO2, but CO is the preferred carbon and electron source. Consequently, coupling CO2 electrolysis with bacterial fermentation within an integrated bio‐electrocatalytical system (BES) is promising, if CO2 reduction catalysts are available for the generation of CO in the complex biotic electrolyte. A standard stirred‐tank bioreactor was coupled to a zero‐gap PEM electrolysis cell for CO2 conversion, allowing voltage control and separation of the anode in one single cell. The cathodic CO2 reduction and the competing hydrogen evolution enabled in‐situ feeding of C. ragsdalei with CO and H2. Proof‐of‐concept was demonstrated in first batch processes with continuous CO2 gassing, as autotrophic growth and acetate formation was observed in the stirred BES in a voltage range of −2.4 to −3.0 V. The setup is suitable also for other bioelectrocatalytic reactions. Increased currents and lower overvoltages are however required. Atomically‐dispersed M−N−C catalysts show promise, if degradation throughout autoclaving can be omitted. The development of selective and autoclavable catalysts resistant to contamination and electrode design for the complex electrolyte will enable efficient bioelectrocatalytic power‐to‐X systems based on the introduced BES. By integration of a PEM electrolysis single cell to the bottom of a stirred tank bioreactor, an integrated bio‐electrocatalytic system (BES) was developed. The BES allows control of potential, pH and temperature with an online‐detection of product formation rates. Proof‐of‐concept was shown for the CO2/H2O PEM electrolysis to feed acetogenic C. ragsdalei with syngas to produce acetate.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture aims to optimize the collection and storage of CO₂ from power plants and industrial operations, thereby contributing to emission reduction and climate change mitigation. By leveraging AI algorithms, the efficiency of CO₂ capture processes can be significantly enhanced through the optimization of critical parameters, including temperature, pressure, flow rates, and chemical reactions. AI-driven monitoring systems facilitate large-scale CO₂ extraction from the atmosphere by utilizing models derived from experimental data, which enhances accuracy and effectiveness. Furthermore, AI enables researchers to rapidly forecast the thermodynamic properties of CO₂ in solution, expediting advancements in capture technology. Machine learning-assisted pre-combustion CO₂ capture applications have demonstrated high predictive accuracy, paving the way for more efficient and scalable solutions. Although AI-assisted CO₂ capture offers several benefits, including the ability to quantify CO₂ emissions reductions upon model deployment, it also generates emissions during AI model training. Nevertheless, AI plays a crucial role in forecasting optimal conditions for capture processes, prompting researchers to explore the capabilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in CO₂ collection. This study introduces a novel AI model for estimating carbon conversion efficiency and determining the importance of features in enhancing impact assessment. The results show that CO₂ conversion efficiency is primarily dependent on time, with column length and inlet pressure also playing significant roles. Notably, both inlet and outlet pressure levels and column length substantially impact the model's predictions, whereas temperature and cross-sectional area exhibit a limited influence on the AI model and conversion efficiency. These findings provide critical insights into identifying the key engineering parameters that can enhance CO₂ conversion efficiency, ultimately informing the optimization of carbon capture processes.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), with facile synthesis, unique structure, high stability, and low cost, has been the hotspot in the field of photocatalysis. However, the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 is still unsatisfactory due to insufficient capture of visible light, low surface area, poor electronic conductivity, and fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Thus, different modification strategies have been developed to improve its performance. In this review, the properties and preparation methods of g-C3N4 are systematically introduced, and various modification approaches, including morphology control, elemental doping, heterojunction construction, and modification with nanomaterials, are discussed. Moreover, photocatalytic applications in energy and environmental sustainability are summarized, such as hydrogen generation, CO2 reduction, and degradation of contaminants in recent years. Finally, concluding remarks and perspectives on the challenges, and suggestions for exploiting g-C3N4-based photocatalysts are presented. This review will deepen the understanding of the state of the art of g-C3N4, including the fabrication, modification, and application in energy and environmental sustainability.

TiO2 has received tremendous attention owing to its potential applications in the field of photocatalysis for solar fuel production and environmental remediation. This review mainly describes various modification strategies and potential applications of TiO2 in efficient photocatalysis. In past few years, various strategies have been developed to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2, including noble metal deposition, elemental doping, inorganic acids modification, heterojunctions with other semiconductors, dye sensitization and metal ion implantation. The enhanced photocatalytic activities of TiO2-based material for CO2 conversion, water splitting and pollutants degradation are highlighted in this review.

The chemical transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been considered as a promising strategy to utilize and further upgrade it to value‐added chemicals, aiming at alleviating global warming. In this regard, sustainable driving forces (i.e., electricity and sunlight) have been introduced to convert CO2 into various chemical feedstocks. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) can generate carbonaceous molecules (e.g., formate, CO, hydrocarbons, and alcohols) via multiple‐electron transfer. With the assistance of extra light energy, photoelectrocatalysis effectively improve the kinetics of CO2 conversion, which not only decreases the overpotentials for CO2RR but also enhances the lifespan of photo‐induced carriers for the consecutive catalytic process. Recently, rational‐designed catalysts and advanced characterization techniques have emerged in these fields, which make CO2‐to‐chemicals conversion in a clean and highly‐efficient manner. Herein, this review timely and thoroughly discusses the recent advancements in the practical conversion of CO2 through electro‐ and photoelectrocatalytic technologies in the past 5 years. Furthermore, the recent studies of operando analysis and theoretical calculations are highlighted to gain systematic insights into CO2RR. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in the fields of CO2 (photo)electrocatalysis are outlined for their further development. CO2‐to‐fuel conversion is considered as a promising strategy for decreasing CO2 concentration and further upgrading to chemical feedstocks. Accordingly, this review compares the catalytic technologies and summarizes the recent development of advanced catalysts for highly‐efficient CO2 conversion through electrocatalysis and photothermocatalysis during the past 5 years. In addition, the catalytic mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives of these technologies are emphasized.

The increase in carbon dioxide emissions has significantly impacted human society and the global environment. As carbon dioxide is the most abundant and cheap C1 resource, the conversion and utilization of carbon dioxide have received extensive attention from researchers. Among the many carbon dioxide conversion and utilization methods, the reverse water–gas conversion (RWGS) reaction is considered one of the most effective. This review discusses the research progress made in RWGS with various heterogeneous metal catalyst types, covering topics such as catalyst performance, thermodynamic analysis, kinetics and reaction mechanisms, and catalyst design and preparation, and suggests future research on RWGS heterogeneous catalysts.

The cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides to afford versatile and useful cyclic carbonate compounds is a highly investigated method for the nonreductive upcycling of CO2. One of the main focuses of the current research in this area is the discovery of readily available, sustainable, and inexpensive catalysts, and of catalytic methodologies that allow their seamless solvent-free recycling. Water, often regarded as an undesirable pollutant in the cycloaddition process, is progressively emerging as a helpful reaction component. On the one hand, it serves as an inexpensive hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to enhance the performance of ionic compounds; on the other hand, aqueous media allow the development of diverse catalytic protocols that can boost catalytic performance or ease the recycling of molecular catalysts. An overview of the advances in the use of aqueous and biphasic aqueous systems for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides is provided in this work along with recommendations for possible future developments.

The increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has exacerbated the deterioration of the global environment, which should be controlled to achieve carbon neutrality. Central to the core goal of achieving carbon neutrality is the utilization of CO2 under economic and sustainable conditions. Recently, the strong need for carbon neutrality has led to a proliferation of studies on the direct conversion of CO2 into carboxylic acids, which can effectively alleviate CO2 emissions and create high‐value chemicals. The purpose of this review is to present the application prospects of carboxylic acids and the basic principles of CO2 conversion into carboxylic acids through photo‐, electric‐, and thermal catalysis. Special attention is focused on the regulation strategy of the activity of abundant catalysts at the molecular level, inspiring the preparation of high‐performance catalysts. In addition, theoretical calculations, advanced technologies, and numerous typical examples are introduced to elaborate on the corresponding process and influencing factors of catalytic activity. Finally, challenges and prospects are provided for the future development of this field. It is hoped that this review will contribute to a deeper understanding of the conversion of CO2 into carboxylic acids and inspire more innovative breakthroughs. This review summarizes the application prospects of carboxylic acids and the basic principles of carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion into carboxylic acids through photo‐, electric‐, and thermal catalysis. The current understanding of the mechanistic process for converting CO2 into carboxylic acids and the preparation of high‐performance catalysts have been well elaborated. Moreover, challenges and prospects are provided for the future development of this field.

Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Methanol In article 2500010 by Wibawa Hendra Saputera and co‐authors explore the effect of copper (Cu) oxidation states in a TiO2/ZSM‐5 catalyst system for the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to methanol. The study highlights the synergistic roles of Cuδ+, Ti3+ sites, and the ZSM‐5 framework in enhancing charge separation and CO2 adsorption, resulting in a significant boost in methanol production. This work represents a promising step toward sustainable solar‐driven fuel production and carbon utilization. Art by the team of INMYWORK Studio.