Explore the vast range of titles available.

The contribution of this study is to analyze the impact of a series of economic activities from the coal commodity on carbon emission. This research specifically focuses on coal exporting countries in Asia Pacific, including Indonesia and Australia during the period 2000 to 2022. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence between production, consumption and export of coal and its determinants, and also the effect on carbon emission. This study applies the simultaneous equation approach and panel regression. The main findings of this study are that coal consumption, coal export, technological innovation and coal price have a positive and significant effect on coal production. Furthermore, coal production, domestic income and domestic investment have a positive and significant effect on coal consumption, while coal export has a negative and significant effect. Then, coal production and coal stock have a positive and significant effect on coal export, while coal consumption and domestic investment have a negative and significant effect. Finally, production, consumption and export of coal commodities contribute to increasing carbon emission. We recommend the coal exporting countries analyzed in this study to implement coal energy control in addressing increasing carbon emission at the global level.

This article examines the long-run equilibrium relationships between the Australian coking coal export and selected variables. Upon testing appropriate co-integration and vector errorcorrection models, we detected that the exchange rate of A$/US$, Australian coking coal price and world supply of coking coal have negative impact on Australian coking coal export in the long-run as well as short-run. On the other hand, world demand of coking coal and USA coking coal price have positive relationships with the Australian coking coal export in the long-run and short-run. All these relationships are statistically significant at the 1% level.

As important nodes of the global coal supply chain, coal export terminals bear the tasks of coal storage, processing, and handling, whose efficiency and stability are of great importance with the growing coal shipping market in recent years. However, poor working conditions of the handling equipment in the coal export terminal, together with its relatively fixed layout and poor flexibility, allow frequent equipment failures to seriously affect the ship-loading operations. To solve the problem, this paper constructs a scheduling optimization model for ship-loading operation systems considering equipment maintenance and proposes an opportunity-maintenance-based two-layer algorithm to solve the model. The upper layer aims to optimize the scheduling scheme of the ship-loading operation system under a certain maintenance plan. The lower layer of the algorithm, an opportunity-maintenance-based “equipment-level–flow-level” maintenance optimization method, determines the best equipment maintenance plan. A coal export terminal in China is employed as the case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can reduce the average dwell time of ships at the terminal by 15.8% and save total scheduling and maintenance costs by 10.3%. This paper shows how to make full use of equipment failure historical data and integrate equipment maintenance schemes into the scheduling problem of the ship-loading operation system, which can effectively reduce the impact of equipment failures on ship-loading operations and provide decision support for coal export terminal management.

The construction of two marine bulk terminals in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States are currently under review and would open up additional thermal coal exports to Asia on the order of almost 100 million additional tonnes per year. The major exporters of coal to Asian markets include Indonesia and Australia. This life cycle analysis (LCA) seeks to understand the role of transportation and mining in the cradle-to-busbar environmental impacts of coal exports from the Powder River Basin (PRB) to Asian countries, when compared to the competitor countries. This LCA shows that: (1) the most significant greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts in the cradle-to-busbar life cycle of coal for power generation come from the combustion of coal in a power plant, even when 90% carbon capture is applied; (2) for non-GHG air impacts, power plant combustion impacts are less dominant and variations in upstream impacts (mining and transportation) are more important; and (3) when comparing impacts between countries, upstream impacts vary for both GHG and non-GHG results, but conclusions that rank countries cannot be made. Future research should include expansion to include non-air impacts, potential consequential effects of coal exports, and a better understanding around the characterization of non-GHG ocean transport impacts.

The current state of the coal market and the problems of forming coal routes and the development of seaports are considered. The main elements of the world logistics system that form the flows of coal routes are highlighted. The principles of forming trains on the railway transport of countries forming freight flows are proposed. Prospective models and methods are proposed, an end-to-end scenario analysis of flows of international coal routes, in order to attract additional cargo volumes to international transport corridors, taking into account the rapid growth in the volume of traffic in the communication between Europe and Asia, containing a large market potential, taking into account throughput and processing infrastructure capabilities and the availability of rolling stock, taking into account the port, border, customs, sanitary, phytosanitary and other restrictions on functioning. The scenarios for the development of international logistics in the implementation of threats of various types are considered, which allow for a continuous flow of coal transportation to seaports in conditions of uncertainty in order to improve management efficiency. A scenario analysis technique has been developed based on the generation of scenarios for the development of a system in conditions of various types of uncertainty: probabilistic, natural, game, in modern competitive conditions. A number of scenarios are indicated with an indication of the threats being implemented, the characteristic features of the development of the situation, the recommended control tools built on the basis of solving the problems of direct and reverse control.

The energy crisis caused by global structural changes in the political and economic sphere is the reason for the change in Russia’s energy strategy based on the concept of sustainable development. The presented study is intended to test the hypothesis about the stimulating effect of economic sanctions on the traditional energy sector and is intended to examine the assumption about the implementation in Russia of the concept of the diversification of energy resources in terms of the use of coal fuel using a systematic approach. The object of empirical research is the Russian Federation in comparison with the leading countries in reserves, exports, and imports of coal raw materials in the period 2010–2021. The tools of scientific research used are based on methods of comparative, economic and statistical analysis, and technologies of consensus expert assessments. The integrated methodological approach applied in the study allows us to present the relationship between energy policy and the government’s strategy in achieving the goals of sustainable energy production and the transition to transformational models of using traditional energy sources. This article identifies new opportunities for academic research and discussion of the potential of demand management, the dynamics of consumption and production of traditional energy resources based on the use of avant-garde technologies, and the design of scenarios for the implementation of the energy transition, taking into account various options for economic development and geopolitical changes.

Background: In South Africa, the export of coal is a large contributor to the gross domestic product. Statistics indicate that the export of coal is stagnant or declining, which indicates a risk for coal as a foreign exchange earner. A study into the risks facing the bulk coal export logistics chain is therefore of great importance. Any risk to this logistics chain will directly affect its efficiency and contribution to foreign exchange. The nature of a logistics supply chain is such that risks to one stakeholder (partner or node) affect not only that stakeholder’s own operations but also those of the other partners and the whole supply chain’s efficiency and sustainability.Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify and explore the risks and risk management practices in the bulk coal export logistics chain from a stakeholder theory perspective.Methods: A qualitative research design was used, and in-depth, structured interviews were conducted with different stakeholders in the chain. A total of eight interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed by means of a thematic analysis.Results: Many risks were identified in the bulk coal export logistics chain, and of these risks, it was found that the most important ones were infrastructure, the macro-economy and people-related risks. The findings revealed evidence of underlying tensions between different stakeholders with regard to investment to mitigate infrastructure risks. The findings suggest that there is a lack of communication and an aligned vision among the stakeholders in the logistics chain and that they strategise for their risks separately.Conclusion: Close cooperation on a high level between the stakeholders in the logistics chain is needed to strategise for risk mitigation in an integrated, holistic manner.

Background: In South Africa, the export of coal is a large contributor to the gross domestic product. Statistics indicate that the export of coal is stagnant or declining, which indicates a risk for coal as a foreign exchange earner. A study into the risks facing the bulk coal export logistics chain is therefore of great importance. Any risk to this logistics chain will directly affect its efficiency and contribution to foreign exchange. The nature of a logistics supply chain is such that risks to one stakeholder (partner or node) affect not only that stakeholder’s own operations but also those of the other partners and the whole supply chain’s efficiency and sustainability. Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify and explore the risks and risk management practices in the bulk coal export logistics chain from a stakeholder theory perspective. Methods: A qualitative research design was used, and in-depth, structured interviews were conducted with different stakeholders in the chain. A total of eight interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed by means of a thematic analysis. Results: Many risks were identified in the bulk coal export logistics chain, and of these risks, it was found that the most important ones were infrastructure, the macro-economy and people-related risks. The findings revealed evidence of underlying tensions between different stakeholders with regard to investment to mitigate infrastructure risks. The findings suggest that there is a lack of communication and an aligned vision among the stakeholders in the logistics chain and that they strategise for their risks separately. Conclusion: Close cooperation on a high level between the stakeholders in the logistics chain is needed to strategise for risk mitigation in an integrated, holistic manner.

Global coal production was at the level of 6.65 thousand million tonnes in 2011 and was higher than in 1990 by about 3.2 thousand million 93%).Within 21 years, the average growth rate was at the level of 3.2%. Since the last year, coal production increased by 6.2%. The share of steam coal was about 85% at that time. Since 1990, demand for energy has increased by 45%, while demand for energy from coal increased by 56%. However, since 2000, an increase in energy consumption from coal is the largest of all the other energy sources. The average annual growth in the case of coal was at the level of 3.9%. Currently, about 15% of the extracted coal is traded. The two main coal markets are the Pacific one and the Atlantic one, which share together about 80-85% of the total coal trade. The maritime trading prevails and only 8% of coal is transported overland. Steam coal trade exceeded 1 billion tonnes in 2010 and, when compared to 1990, it increased by 124%. Import of coal to markets in Asia and the Pacific regions grew nearly 7 times since 1990, while imports of the European region approximately doubled. Maritime transport takes place mainly with the employment if panama vessels. There are more than 100 ports through which coal is exported in the world. However, in the importing countries coal is discharged in about 220 ports. The most important companies that produce most of coal (globally) are the following companies: Coal India, two US companies: Peabody and Arch, and two companies from China: Shenhua and China Coal.

Before the current economic crisis hit the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region in 2008, energy security was a major source of concern in Central and Eastern Europe and in many of the economies in the former Soviet Union. Energy importers were experiencing shortages leading to periodic brownouts and blackouts. An energy crisis seemed imminent. This report analyzes the outlook for energy demand and supply in the region. It estimates the investment requirements and highlights the potential environmental concerns associated with meeting future energy needs, including those related to climate change. The report also proposes the actions necessary to create an attractive environment for investment in cleaner energy. Greater regional cooperation for smart energy and climate action is an important part of the World Bank's engagement in Europe and Central Asia.