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This study aims to understand the historical and development of throwing embroidered balls, combine information processing and drone technology to innovate throwing techniques, improve the competitive level and competition rules, promote the high-pole throwing embroidered balls to the international sports. Utilizing literature review method to clarify the evolution history of throwing embroidered balls; using mathematical statistics to analyze the results of competition during the 12th and 13th Guangxi Student Games; Using mechanics analysis and animation production methods innovate throwing techniques. The imperfect competition rules, inconsistent specifications of embroidered balls, and outdated throwing techniques have hindered the healthy development of throwing embroidery ball. The optimal throwing angle range for innovative throwing techniques is between 64° < α < 72°, with the range of throwing speed being between 13.04 m/s < v < 13.70 m/s. When α < 66°, v≈13.70m/s, the ball passes through the lower edge of the top of the circle; When α > 64°, v≈13.04m/s, when α < 72°, v≈13.17m/s, the ball passes through the upper edge of the bottom of the circle. Drone aerial photography technology can assist judges; using animation production techniques to form throwing motion models to guide training can improve competitive skills. Improving competition rules, unifying the use of competition balls, and strengthening the integration of information technology with ethnic sports can effectively enhance the development level of the sport of throwing embroidered balls.

Nowadays, the use of digital services is indispensable to the daily activity of businesses or end users. Digital services and online platforms contribute to the internal market by opening new business opportunities, increasing industry competitiveness, and widening consumer choice. While digital services have contributed to boosting innovation and developing new business models, a few online platforms act as gatekeepers by controlling a large digital market, likely leading to unfair practices and conditions for business users and end users. Against this background, this paper discusses the rationale and the necessity for regulating digital technology development in the digital market. It analyses the EU’s approach to adapting competition policy for the digital age. This paper argues that the Digital Markets Act will undoubtedly impact business models in the digital market and regulatory framework at the national level. However, its fundamental success will depend on whether the Commission has the appropriate tools to address the development of new technologies.

p class=\"MsoNormal\"span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family: \"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"The global rise of digital trade has shifted economic inequalities, narrowing gaps in some regions while exacerbating disparities between Africa and more digitally advanced areas. The massive dominance of Big Techs in digital markets has concentrated economic bene/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 107%;font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb\"fi/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"ts among a few large players, often bypassing local African /spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family: AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb\"fi/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"rms. The AfricanContinental Free TradeArea (AfCFTA) aims to enhance intra-African trade to foster economic growth with its newly adopted AfCFTA Protocol on Digital Trade focusing on integrating African digital markets. However, without careful regulation, this integration risks deepening existing disparities. Given that Big Techs/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf.I+20\",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf\\.I+20\"\"’ /spanspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"dominance is a key driver of these imbalances, I explore how the AfCFTA/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family: \"AdvOTecfccdcf.I+20\",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf\\.I+20\"\"’/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"s Competition Protocol can be leveraged to navigate them. The Competition Protocol, with its multilayered approach to competition regulation, o/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb\"ff/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"ers a framework for ensuring digital trade fosters equitable economic development across Africa. It tackles anti-competitive conduct in cases with a continental dimension, such as the abuse of economic dependence by gatekeepers, mandates support for regional and national authorities through technical assistance and capacity-building, and promotes cooperation and coordinated enforcement between all three jurisdictional levels. While not a complete solution, the Protocol represents a signi/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt; line-height:107%;font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I+fb\"fi/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"cant step toward ensuring Africa/spanspan style=\"font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf.I+20\",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf\\.I+20\"\"’/spanspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:\"AdvOTecfccdcf_I\",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTecfccdcf_I\"s digital market integration promotes equitable development./span o:p/o:p

Recent concerns regarding horse welfare during competition has highlighted the occurrence of overtightened nosebands on competition horses. Current rules are often vague—e.g., “nosebands may never be so tightly fixed as to harm the horse.” To investigate the need and acceptance prior to any rule changes Equestrian Canada (EC) launched a pilot noseband measuring project. Nineteen officiating stewards measured noseband fit using the ISES taper gauge (TG) at 32 equestrian events of various disciplines in 2021. Additionally, stakeholder surveys collected data from 1528 EC members and 27 stewards regarding opinions and perceptions on noseband use, fit, measurement and rules. Descriptive and qualitative statistics along with Pearson chi-squared examined relationships between specific variables. Of the 551 horses tested with the TG, 71% passed the 1.5 cm (two-fingers) measurement and an additional 19% passed the 1 cm (one-finger) measurement. Stewards unanimously agreed that overtightened nosebands present a welfare issue although 63% believed this to represent only a small subset of riders. While 60% of stewards believed the current rules were sufficient, 40% did not. Despite the fact that 84% of stewards believe there should be a standardized fit across disciplines, 52% felt the use of the TG should be at their discretion. The top three reasons riders indicated for using nosebands were discipline expectation (41%), requirement for competition (39%) or for control/safety (32%). Open comments referred to an option to not wear a noseband in competition. Professional riders believed overtightened nosebands were less of a welfare issue than amateur riders (76% vs. 88% respectively; p < 0.025) and correspondingly did not feel the TG was a fair method (44% vs. 68% respectively; p < 0.001). Slightly more than half of the respondents (51.5%) believed that measuring noseband fit on the frontal nasal plane was the appropriate location. To advance equestrian practice, more education is needed to inform stakeholders of the reasons for noseband measurements and appropriate fit.

Integrated sports, where children with and without disability participate together, can foster social inclusion. Little Athletics Australia (LAA), a national children’s sports program, traditionally offers children with disability separate “Multiclass” events (based on international classification systems), or participation in mainstream events without adjustment to the contest. With an aim of developing new rules for children with disability to compete in mainstream Little Athletics, we developed assessment criteria and considered four sports models to identify the optimal structure for fair and meaningful contests. “Personal best” (PB) contests were closest to our assessment criteria, as they provide opportunities for children with and without disability to compete with and against each other in parallel with first-past-the-post and Multiclass systems. With formal implementation strategies for presenting competition results and support for local uptake and adaptation, PB contests can provide nondiscriminatory sporting events that could increase fair and meaningful inclusion of children with disability in Little Athletics and other sports.

The main objective of this article is related to the mapping and systematic review of the literature on referees and soccer referees. An article search was performed using the following inclusion criteria: articles that addressed the theme of referees and football referees (\"Football Referees\", \"Soccer Referees\", \"Football Refereeing\" and \"Soccer Refereeing\") between 1971 and 2020. The collected data were downloaded in Bibtex format from Scopus and WOS. Later, R Studio software version 1.2.5042 was used to eliminate duplicates and create a unified database. After reading all abstracts, a filter was applied according to the defined criteria. After reading abstracts and/or full articles published between 1971 and 2020, 381 articles (WOS + Scopus) were included, which is the final result and object of our qualitative and quantitative analysis. The result of the analysis of 381 articles is a systematic review of the main literature, addressed in the context of refereeing in football and the respective mapping of the main studies (Top 25), according to their degree of academic importance based on the index of citation volume. With regard to the general conclusions of the performed systematic review and literature mapping, we can state that the study on soccer referees is still at a level of growth, largely because it is an activity that only in the last decade has been professionalized and only in some countries, compared to playing and coaching careers. However, it is currently a fundamental area, which is confirmed by the increasing attention that researchers have paid to the subject, producing more investigations with considerable academic impact in this area of knowledge. Finally, this study, mapping, and content analysis represent added value in relation to the existing knowledge in the field of refereeing in football, because systematization and identification of the main authors and trends result in better knowledge in relation to the theme and pave the way for future investigations.

Background A long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) can act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to compete with an mRNA for binding to the same miRNA. Such an interplay between the lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA is called a ceRNA crosstalk. As an miRNA may have multiple lncRNA targets and multiple mRNA targets, connecting all the ceRNA crosstalks mediated by the same miRNA forms a ceRNA network. Methods have been developed to construct ceRNA networks in the literature. However, these methods have limits because they have not explored the expression characteristics of total RNAs. Results We proposed a novel method for constructing ceRNA networks and applied it to a paired RNA-seq data set. The first step of the method takes a competition regulation mechanism to derive candidate ceRNA crosstalks. Second, the method combines a competition rule and pointwise mutual information to compute a competition score for each candidate ceRNA crosstalk. Then, ceRNA crosstalks which have significant competition scores are selected to construct the ceRNA network. The key idea, pointwise mutual information, is ideally suitable for measuring the complex point-to-point relationships embedded in the ceRNA networks. Conclusion Computational experiments and results demonstrate that the ceRNA networks can capture important regulatory mechanism of breast cancer, and have also revealed new insights into the treatment of breast cancer. The proposed method can be directly applied to other RNA-seq data sets for deeper disease understanding.

Digitalization has a growing impact on everyone’s life. It influences the way consumers purchase products, read online news, access multimedia content, and even meet or interact socially. At the core of digital products lies algorithm technology, decision-making software capable of fulfilling multiple tasks: data mining, result ranking, user matching, dynamic pricing, product recommendations, and ads targeting, among others. Notwithstanding the perceived benefits of algorithms for the economy, the question has been raised of whether the use of algorithms by businesses might have countervailing effects on competition. Although any anti-competitive behavior typically observed in traditional markets can be implemented by this technology, a particular issue highlighted in discussions between researchers and practitioners is the concern that algorithms might foster collusion. Because of their capacity to increase market transparency and the frequency of interactions between competing firms, they can be used to facilitate parallel collusive behavior while dispensing competing firms with the need for explicit communication. Consequently, it is not excluded that algorithms will be used in the years to come to obtain the effects of a cartel without the need to enter into restrictive agreements or to engage in concerted practices. We evaluate the collusion risks associated with the use of algorithms and discuss whether the “agreement for antitrust purposes” concept needs revisiting. The more firms made use of types of algorithms that enable direct and indirect communication between the competitors, the more likely those companies may be considered liable.

As part of the key conditionalities for EU membership, candidate states have to establish a competition authority as well as competition rules, using the EU’s neoliberal competition regime as a yardstick. Turkey and Serbia are two candidates that have closely modelled their competition regimes on EU standards but have also deviated in important respects. Scholarly work usually takes EU conditionalities for granted and focuses on institutional configurations or elite socialisation to explain varying degrees of convergence, while the substantive nature of remaining discrepancies is often not accounted for. Drawing on a historical materialist approach, this article locates the EU’s competition rule export in the structural problem of overaccumulation, and the variegated trajectories of rule adoption in the specific nexus between the state and organised capital fractions. In Turkey, close ties between small and medium-sized businesses and the state ensured protectionist features, whereas the Serbian state ultimately aligned with open-market-oriented transnational capital and eliminated most of the initial discrepancies.

In view of frequent changes of competition rules in freestyle wrestling a timely and systemic analysis of the competitive activity is a relevant task of the high-level sport. The research objective is to study the dynamics of characteristics of the competitive activity at world championships and the Olympic Games in freestyle wrestling over the period of 2013-16 Olympic cycle, to reveal development tendencies and to draw conclusions about the influence of the new competition rules. It is shown that wrestling rules changes (2013) have entailed the increase in activity, performance level and competition among wrestlers. Thus, the mean number of scored points per wrestler per match had gradually increased from 4.42 in 2013 to 4.72 points per match in 2015 and made up 0.93 pts/min on average. The number of matches with victory by superiority at world championships (2013-15) averaged 18%, while at the 2016 Olympic Games the figure was only 11.7%. Olympic wrestlers have a similar level of qualification than world championship wrestlers. On the whole, the positive dynamics of performance, activity and impressiveness of matches as a result of the competition rules changes is confirmed.