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Several plant pathogen Fusarium species produce fumonisins (FUMs); which can end up in food and feed and; when ingested; can exhibit harmful effects on humans and livestock. Mycotoxin intoxication by fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) can cause porcine pulmonary edema; leukoencephalomalacia in equines; esophageal cancer and birth defects by natural contamination. Herein; the occurrence of FB1 and FB2 in feedstuff (compound feed and feed ingredients) was investigated between 2011 and 2016 in South Korea. A total of 535 animal feed samples (425 compound feed samples and 110 feed ingredients) produced domestically were sampled four times between 2011 and 2016 (2011; 2012; 2014 and 2016) from feed factories in South Korea. The limit of detection (LOD) for FB1 and FB2 was 20 μg/kg and 25 μg/kg; respectively; and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 30 μg/kg and 35 μg/kg; respectively. The recovery range (%) was between 86.4% and 108.8%; and the relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) was 4.7–12.1%. Seven (swine feed samples) out of the 425 feed samples exceeded the European Union (EU) and South Korea commission regulations over the six-year test period; and no feed ingredients exceeded the guidelines.

Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. Cattle feeding practices are generally traditional and most of the feed comes from grazing. However, due to shortage of feed, there has been a gradual shift from traditional feed pattern to compound feed (CF). For livestock it is either in the form of mash, feed block or feed pellets. With added advantages, the feed block and feed pellets are more popular than the mash. In India, CF is produced at the industrial level. The CF-making machines are classified as feed block-making machines and feed pellet-making machines; these are further classified as manually operated, electrical and IC engine-powered machines. The feed pelleting machines available in the market are expensive and thus unaffordable by livestock farmers. If small-scale animal producers have access to a domestically developed pellet mill technology that is low cost yet dependable, then it reduces the dependency on the high cost of commercial feeds available in the market and makes dairy farming more profitable by taking advantages of different feedstuff available at cheap prices, especially during harvest when high-quality ingredients available at low prices.

This study revealed the affecting mechanism of trash fish (TF) and compound feed (CF) on the flesh quality of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) based on muscle transcriptome. Largemouth bass weighing 75.0 ± 0.1 g were given TF or CF for a period of 12 weeks. The CF group presented significantly higher feed efficiency (FE) than the TF group ( p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in specific growth rate (SGR) between the two groups ( p > 0.05). A total of 604 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) meeting the significance criteria of p ‐value < 0.05 and |log2foldchange| > 1 were identified in the muscle transcriptome analysis. Compared to the TF group, 145 DEGs were downregulated, and 459 DEGs were upregulated in the CF group. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways revealed significant enrichment of 401 GO terms and 13 pathways, respectively. In the CF group, there was a notable increase in gene expression in pathways such as arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, cholesterol metabolism, MAPK, and focal adhesion, while there was a decrease in pathways like purine metabolism, apoptosis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and PPAR signaling. Real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR results indicated decreased expression of tni (troponin I, fast skeletal muscle‐like) and increased expression of stni (troponin I, slow skeletal muscle‐like), ftni (troponin I, fast skeletal muscle), mustn1b (musculoskeletal, embryonic nuclear protein 1b), actn2b (alpha‐actinin−2), and hspb1 (heat shock protein [HSP] beta 1) in the CF group compared to the TF group. Overall, according to transcriptomics, replacing TF with CF altered the gene expression related to meat and the associated signaling pathways, leading to the meat quality improvement for largemouth bass.

Abstract The article presents the results of scientific research on the production of lamb in the conditions of the Akmola region. The experiment was conducted on purebred Kazakh short-tailed rough-haired and cross-bred sheep obtained from industrial crossing of Kazakh short-tailed rough-haired queens with sheep- producers of the hampshire breed. Further, the article presents the results of feeding and fattening, as well as the morphological composition of the carcass of sheep of the Kazakh coarse-haired sheep breed of different ages. The object of the study for feeding and fattening were three groups of experimental sheep of the above-mentioned breed, where compound feed was included in the diet of the I experimental group in the form of top dressing, in the II experimental group, grain waste was also used for top dressing, and the control group was kept in the feed without top dressing. Based on the study of the feeding of experimental sheep, it was found that the absolute increase during the feeding period in experimental sheep who received fertilization in the form of compound feed is higher than in their peers, respectively, by 0.2 and 1.49 kg. In terms of morphological and varietal composition, in particular, the number of cuts of grade 1, there was also an advantage of experimental sheep that received fertilization in the form of compound feed compared to their peers, respectively, by 2.3-8.3%. In general, the results of a study on the growth, development and slaughter qualities of experimental sheep, i.e. purebred Kazakh short-tailed rough-haired and crossbred, obtained from crossing with sheep producers of the precocious breed \"hampshire\" showed that from the moment of birth to 2 and 4 months. For example, crossbred sheep were slightly superior to purebred peers in terms of the studied indicators. In particular, the results of feeding sheep of the Kazakh coarse-haired broad-tailed breed from 4 to 6 months, depending on the top dressing. Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisas científicas sobre a ovinocultura nas condições da região de Aqmola. O experimento foi conduzido em ovinos cazaques raça pura de cauda curta e lã grossa, em comparação com ovinos mestiços obtidos a partir do cruzamento industrial de fêmeas cazaques de cauda curta e lã grossa com ovinos da raça Hampshire. Ademais, o presente artigo apresenta os resultados da alimentação e engorda, bem como a composição morfológica da carcaça de ovelhas cazaques da raça de lã grossa de diferentes idades. O objeto deste estudo relativo à alimentação e engorda se resumiu a três grupos experimentais de ovinos da raça supramencionada, onde alimentos compostos foram incluídos na dieta do Grupo Experimental I sob a forma de cobertura, enquanto no Grupo Experimental II foram também utilizados resíduos de cereais para a forragem e o Grupo de Controle foi mantido em um regime de alimentação sem cobertura. Com base no estudo da alimentação de ovinos experimentais, verificou-se que o crescimento absoluto durante o período de alimentação em ovinos experimentais que receberam fertilização sob a forma de alimentos compostos é superior aos seus pares em 0,2 e 1,49 kg, respectivamente. Em termos de composição morfológica e varietal, particularmente quanto ao número de cortes superiores, observou-se também uma vantagem de ovinos experimentais que receberam fertilização sob a forma de alimentos compostos em comparação com seus pares em 2,3-8,3%, respectivamente. Em geral, os resultados do estudo sobre as características de crescimento, desenvolvimento e abate de ovinos experimentais, ou seja, tanto da raça pura cazaque de cauda curta e lã grossa quanto da raça mestiça obtida a partir do cruzamento com produtores de ovinos precoces da raça Hampshire, obtiveram estes resultados desde o momento do nascimento até o segundo e quarto mês de vida. Por exemplo, os resultados dos ovinos mestiços foram ligeiramente superiores quando comparados aos seus pares de raça pura em relação aos indicadores aqui estudados. Específicamente a respeito dos resultados da alimentação de ovelhas cazaques de lã grossa e cauda larga de 4 a 6 meses, de acordo com a cobertura utilizada.

Purpose This study aims to propose a tailored Lean Six Sigma framework providing an accessible Lean Six Sigma methodology for compound feed manufacturers with the aim of mitigating rising costs and increasingly complex demands from customers. Design/methodology/approach A Lean Six Sigma framework was designed combining Lean value stream mapping and Six Sigma structured problem-solving with a case study in an Irish compound feed manufacturer. Findings The study found that the Lean Six Sigma implementation framework provided a simplified approach, which fitted the resource availability within compound feed manufacturing. Research limitations/implications The study is limited by the constraints of a sole case study in providing empirical evidence of the effectiveness of the framework. Nevertheless, a conceptual Lean Six Sigma model is proposed, which will assist compound feed manufacturers implementing a continuous improvement approach. Originality/value This paper proposes a simplified approach to the implementation of Lean Six Sigma in agricultural compound feed manufacturers and in small and medium-sized organisations. This is the first such study in Ireland and will add to the body of work on Lean in agriculture and aid other agri-businesses and compound feed manufacturers in understanding how Lean Six Sigma can benefit.

Livestock production is a major contributor to the national economy in Ethiopia, of which ruminants, particularly cattle, are the dominant and most important livestock species. Limited supply of quality feeds is a major constraint to the improvement of livestock production in Ethiopia. The expansion of agro-industries in Ethiopia, over the last three decades, has created an opportunity for an increased supply of agro-industrial byproducts as a source of feed for livestock. This study was conducted to assess the availability, distribution, and quality of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds in Ethiopia. About 310 flour mill factories, 194 oil factories, 13 brewery factories, 7 sugar factories, 4 malt factories, 2 meat and bone meal processing plants, 8 limestone factories, and 112 feed processing plants were surveyed to assess the availability and distributions of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds. A total of 757 feed samples were collected for evaluating nutritional values. The annual production of agro-industrial byproducts ranges from 18,065 tons DM/year (abattoir byproducts) to 3,092,035 tons DM/year (malt byproducts) and the total annual production of the different agro-industrial by-products amounts to 5,245,854 tons DM. The annual production of compound feeds was reported to be 5,812,608 tons DM. All agro-industries are processing under their capacity, ranging from 11.7% in sugar factories to 93% in breweries. Shortage and seasonal fluctuation of supply of raw materials (34.8%), high price and price fluctuations of raw materials (17.5%) and electric power interruptions (17.5%) were the major challenges faced by different agro-industries. The crude protein (CP) concentrations of agro-industrial byproducts ranges from 6.2% in maize grain screening to 15.9% in wheat bran for flour mill byproducts; 28% in cotton seed cake to 49.7% in groundnut cake for oilseed cakes and 14.8% in areqe atela to 24.8% in brewery spent grains for brewery and local distillery byproducts. High protein or energy contents of agro-industrial byproducts indicated their potential to be utilized in intensive livestock rations. Thus, it is necessary to create enabling conditions to allow the existing agro-industries to operate at full capacity and to attract new ones into the business to boost the production and availability of agro-industrial byproducts needed as main inputs to manufacture compound feeds.

Background and Aim: Mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds is of considerable concern because it can affect animal health systems. As a result of contamination in the food chain, humans can indirectly come into contact with mycotoxins. The present study aimed to present mycotoxin contamination patterns in animal feeds from 2015 to 2020 and elucidate associations between the type of feed and the type of ingredient. Materials and Methods: Data were summarized from the records of the Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnosis Center from 2015 to 2020, which comprised the analyses of aflatoxin (AFL), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisin (FUM), and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in feed ingredients, complete feeds, and unclassified feeds. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared tests, and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. Results: ZEA was prevalent in animal feeds. The prevalence of each mycotoxin was constant from 2015 to 2020. Approximately 20-30% of samples were positive for AFL and FUM. The highest contamination was ZEA, which was found in 50% of the samples, and the occurrence of T-2 and DON was <10%. AFL significantly contaminated complete feeds more than feed ingredients. Feed ingredients were related to mycotoxin contaminations. The highest levels of AFL, FUM, and DON contamination occurred in 2017. The data in this year consisted mostly of soybean, corn, and rice bran. Conclusion: The number of positive samples of all five mycotoxins was constant from 2015 to 2020, but the occurrence of ZEA was the highest. Mycotoxins in feedstuffs are significantly related to the type of feed and the type of ingredient.

Feeding Chinese mitten crabs with fresh-frozen fish causes nutritional imbalance and increases disease risk. Compound feed offers better nutrient balance but still requires improvements in palatability and growth performance. This study evaluated the effects of replacing fresh-frozen fish with glutamine dipeptide-supplemented formulated diet on growth, hepatopancreas health, and edible quality, aiming to inform feed formulation strategies. A five-month feeding trial (June–October) was conducted with two treatments: the experimental group received only glutamine dipeptide compound feed, while the control group was fed a mix of fresh-frozen fish and compound feed. Crabs in the experimental group showed significantly higher body weight, length, and width. No significant differences were found in the hepatopancreatic index, gonadosomatic index, meat yield, or total edible yield. In October, the experimental group showed lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hepatopancreas and higher alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in males. In females, hemolymph AKP and ACP were higher in the control, while glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) was higher in the experimental group. Whether this is related to a potential risk of liver damage or a reaction at a special stage remains to be further verified. Digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase, amylase) were generally higher in the experimental group, particularly in August (p < 0.05). In October, protease activity in females and lipase activity in males were significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus retention in muscle was also significantly higher, indicating better nutrient utilization (p < 0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that a glutamine dipeptide-supplemented diet provides a more effective and sustainable alternative to fresh-frozen fish over a five-month rearing period, improving digestive physiology, feed efficiency, growth performance, and edible quality and flavor.

The Fusarium fungi produce toxic substances called mycotoxins, which can cause disease and harmful effects in grains, livestock, and humans. Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is one of the Fusarium mycotoxins that is known to cause vomiting in livestock. This study shows the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in feedstuffs (compound feed and feed ingredients) between 2009 and 2016 in South Korea. A total of 653 domestic samples were collected at five time points, including 494 compound feed samples and 159 feed ingredient samples. DON contamination levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pretreatment using an immunoaffinity column (IAC). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated at 1–10 µg/kg and 3–35 µg/kg, respectively. Two compound feeds (two gestating sow feed samples) out of 160 pig feed samples exceeded the European Commission (EC) guidance value, while no feed ingredient samples exceeded the EC or South Korean guidance values. There were statistically significant differences in the mean contamination levels of compound feed and feed ingredients that indicated a decreasing trend over time.