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The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming
Even as the evidence of global warming mounts, the international response to this serious threat is coming unraveled. The United States has formally withdrawn from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; other key nations are facing difficulty in meeting their Kyoto commitments; and developing countries face no limit on their emissions of the gases that cause global warming. In this clear and cogent book-reissued in paperback with an afterword that comments on recent events--David Victor explains why the Kyoto Protocol was never likely to become an effective legal instrument. He explores how its collapse offers opportunities to establish a more realistic alternative.
Global warming continues to dominate environmental news as legislatures worldwide grapple with the process of ratification of the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The collapse of the November 2000 conference at the Hague showed clearly how difficult it will be to bring the Kyoto treaty into force. Yet most politicians, policymakers, and analysts hailed it as a vital first step in slowing greenhouse warming. David Victor was not among them.
Kyoto's fatal flaw, Victor argues, is that it can work only if emissions trading works. The Protocol requires industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases to specific targets. Crucially, the Protocol also provides for so-called \"emissions trading,\" whereby nations could offset the need for rapid cuts in their own emissions by buying emissions credits from other countries. But starting this trading system would require creating emission permits worth two trillion dollars--the largest single invention of assets by voluntary international treaty in world history. Even if it were politically possible to distribute such astronomical sums, the Protocol does not provide for adequate monitoring and enforcement of these new property rights. Nor does it offer an achievable plan for allocating new permits, which would be essential if the system were expanded to include developing countries.
The collapse of the Kyoto Protocol--which Victor views as inevitable--will provide the political space to rethink strategy. Better alternatives would focus on policies that control emissions, such as emission taxes. Though economically sensible, however, a pure tax approach is impossible to monitor in practice. Thus, the author proposes a hybrid in which governments set targets for both emission quantities and tax levels. This offers the important advantages of both emission trading and taxes without the debilitating drawbacks of each.
Individuals at all levels of environmental science, economics, public policy, and politics-from students to professionals--and anyone else hoping to participate in the debate over how to slow global warming will want to read this book.
eBook
Seneca Falls and the origins of the women's rights movement
\"In the quiet town of Seneca Falls, New York, over the course of two days in July, 1848, a small group of women and men, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, held a convention that would launch the women's rights movement and change the course of history. In Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women's Rights Movement, Sally McMillen reveals the full significance of that revolutionary convention and the enormous changes it produced. The book focuses on four extraordinary figures--Mott, Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony--telling the stories of their lives, the astonishing advances they made during their lifetimes, and the far-reaching effects of the work they did. At the convention they asserted full equality with men, argued for greater legal rights, greater professional and education opportunities, and the right to vote--ideas considered wildly radical at the time\"--Cover, p. 4.
Book
INTRODUCTION: From the Program Chair
The convention this year, our first in-person convention since the coronavirus pandemic, features scholars, scientists, and students from around the world who will showcase the most recent parapsychological research. Fulfillment of my responsibilities would not have been possible without the assistance of the Convention Committee, including the guidance and direction of the PA Executive Director, Annalisa Ventola, the suggestions and inspirations offered by the PA President, Helané Wahbeh, and my partner in crime, so to speak, Jon Mannsåker, the Arrangements Chair, who has meticulously planned to help ensure the success of the convention. [...]the guidance and advice offered by John Kruth and Christine Simmonds-Moore ultimately persuaded me to accept the invitation to become this year's Program Chair.
Journal Article
Shh! We're writing the Constitution
Describes how the Constitution came to be written and ratified. Also includes the full text of the document produced by the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Book
In THE TRACKER: 50 Years Ago
The Stuart had been neglected for several years, and on short notice, two experienced members, A. Richard Strauss and Robert Whiting, donated their time to get the instrument into presentable condition. [...]began a long tradition of members spending countless grimy hours, gratis, getting undeservedly neglected instruments into workable condition for a convention presentation and often exciting a congregation that had ignored the mute instrument in its midst to a renewed appreciation of its forgotten treasure that eventually resulted in repairs or restoration. Few business records of 19th-century organbuilders survive, so these records shed light on the dayto-day operations of a company that had a thriving service business in addition to its building activities. Watkins Glen was once a resort community at the foot of Seneca Lake, the longest and deepest of the Finger Lakes, and in my youth still had a thriving salt mining business.
Journal Article
Global large herbivore conservation and international law
Large wild herbivore species are important to ecosystems and human societies, but many of them are threatened and in decline. International wildlife treaties have a role to play in arresting and reversing these declines. This paper provides a global overview and analysis of relevant legal instruments and their roles regarding the conservation of the 73 largest terrestrial herbivores, i.e., those with a body mass of ≥ 100 kg. Outcomes reveal both significant positive contributions and shortcomings of the Ramsar Wetlands Convention, the World Heritage Convention, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, the Convention on Migratory Species and its subsidiary instruments, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and a range of regional and bilateral treaties. Maximizing the potential of these treaties, and attaining their objectives regarding the conservation and restoration of large herbivores, requires substantial increases in funding and political will. Even before such game-changing increases occur, however, it remains worthwhile to seek and use the many opportunities that exist within the current international legal framework for enhancing the conservation of the world’s largest herbivores.
Journal Article
I have the right to be a child
An introduction to the concept of human rights, especially those of children, as set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Includes a brief description of the Convention and lists the 193 states in the world that have agreed to it.
Book
Global large carnivore conservation and international law
International cooperation, including through international legal instruments, appears important for the conservation of large carnivores worldwide. This is due to, inter alia, the worrying conservation status and population trends of many large carnivore species; the importance of large carnivores for biodiversity conservation at large; their occurrence at low densities, with many populations extending across various countries; and the international nature of particular threats. For the 31 heaviest species in the order Carnivora, this study (i) documents to what extent existing international legal instruments contribute to large carnivore conservation, and (ii) identifies ways of optimizing their contribution in this regard. From this dual perspective, it reviews all global wildlife conservation treaties—Ramsar Wetlands Convention, World Heritage Convention, Convention on Trade in Endangered Species, Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)—and selected regional instruments, using standard international law research methodology. Results indicate that a substantial body of relevant international law already exists, whereas simultaneously there is clear potential for enhancing the contribution of international law to large carnivore conservation. Avenues for pursuing this include promotion of instruments’ effective implementation; clarification of their precise implications for large carnivore conservation; development of formal guidance; expansion of instruments’ scope in terms of species, sites and countries; and creation of new instruments. The CMS and CBD hold particular potential in some of these respects. The experiences being gained under European legal instruments constitute an interesting ‘laboratory’ regarding human coexistence with expanding large carnivore populations and transboundary cooperation at the (sub)population level.
Journal Article