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In this research, the simulation of lateral distribution function (LDF) of Cherenkov radiation was performed using CORSIKA software for two hadronic models QGSJET and GHEISHA. This simulation was performed for several elementary particles such as protons, iron nuclei, electrons and gamma quanta, in the range of energies 1-20 PeV for three zenith angles 0°, 20° and 30°. A parameterization of Cherenkov light LDF was performed for that simulated curves using Lorentzian function. The comparison between the obtained results for LDF of Cherenkov light with that measured with Yakutsk EAS array gave a good agreement within the distances of 100-1000 m from the shower axis.

One of the main objectives of the CREDO project is to register cosmic-ray cascades in many distributed detectors in the search for so-called Cosmic-Ray Ensembles (CRE). This requires precise knowledge of the probability of detection of individual Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in a very wide range of energies and an analysis of their correlations. The standard approach based on detailed and extensive simulations is not possible for many such systems; thus, a faster method is developed. Knowing the characteristics of EAS from more general simulations, any required probability is calculated. Such probability depends on particle density at a given point, which is a function of the distance from the centre of the cascade, the energy, mass and the zenith angle of the primary cosmic-ray particle. It is necessary to use proper distribution of the number of secondary particles reaching the ground and their fluctuations. Finally, to calculate the total probability of EAS detection, the primary cosmic-ray spectrum and abundance of various particles in it have to be taken into account. The effective probability can be used to estimate the expected number of EAS events measured by a set of small detectors. In this work, results from several versions of calculations, with different complexity levels, are presented and compared with the first measurement performed with a test detector system. These results confirm that the majority of events observed with this small detector array are caused by cosmic-ray particles with very high energies. Such analysis can be also useful for the design of more effective systems in the future. Slightly larger systems of simple detectors may be used to distinguish cascades initiated by photons from those started from other primary cosmic-ray particles.

To study phenomenological properties of extensive air showers initiated by different particles (i.e., γ , p , Fe), CORSIKA simulations were used. We adopted a statistical method to produce diagrams of mean values of depth of shower maxima, 〈 X max 〉, versus energy decades. To be compared with other works, this method were applied for Yakutsk array and the resulted diagrams were used to calculate the mass composition of a set of published data from this array. The mass composition of cosmic rays (from 10 17 eV up to the highest energies) in different combinations ofQGSJET-II-04, SYBILL 1.6, and SYBILL 2.1 with FLUKA were discussed and upper limits for the observed proton flux were calculated. Due to these results a tendency to light nuclei was proposed and the predicted value of upper limit for the observed proton flux was close to GZK cutoff in a combination of FLUKA and QGSJET-II-04 models.

Tracing of cosmic ray origin and building a detailed and comprehensive idea about the sources are very much dependent on measurement of cosmic ray primary mass composition. High-energy cosmic rays produce extensive air showers in the earth’s atmosphere, which in turn produce visible Cherenkov light. Distribution of Cherenkov photons over the observation level may be correlated with primary mass composition. This work aims to analyze the lateral density distribution of atmospheric Cherenkov light for various primary particles over a wide energy range (100 GeV–1 TeV) as well as to parameterize the obtained distributions using Monte Carlo simulation method. The simulations are carried out with CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for KAscade) 6.990 code. We have defined a new asymmetry parameter suitable for identifying primary mass composition. This parameter and the total number of Cherenkov photons are found to be sensitive in analyzing simulated data using a statistical method, called multiparametric topological analysis (MTA).

Muon tomography or muography is an innovative imaging technique using atmospheric muons. The technique is based on the detection of muons that have crossed a target and the measurement of their attenuation or deviation induced by the medium. Muon flux models are key ingredients to convert tomographic and calibration data into the 2D or 3D density maps of the target. Ideally, they should take into account all possible types of local effects, from geomagnetism to atmospheric conditions. Two approaches are commonly used: semi-empirical models or Monte Carlo simulations. The latter offers the advantage to tackle down many environmental and experimental parameters and also allows the optimization of the nearly horizontal muons flux, which remains a long-standing problem for many muography applications. The goal of this paper is to identify through a detailed simulation what kind of environmental and experimental effects may affect the muography imaging sensitivity and its monitoring performance. The results have been obtained within the CORSIKA simulation framework, which offers the possibility to tune various parameters. The paper presents the simulation’s configuration and the results obtained for the muon fluxes computed in various conditions.

The distribution of the secondary cosmic ray charged particles in the atmosphere as a function of zenith angle of the primary particle depends on various factors such as atmospheric depth, latitude and longitude of the place of observation and possibly other atmospheric conditions. This work is focussed on the investigation of atmospheric attenuation of an Extensive Air Shower using the zenith angle distribution of the secondary charged particles, at different atmospheric depths for pure primary compositions (gamma, proton and iron nucleus) and mixed compositions employing the Monte Carlo Simulation code CORSIKA (versions 6.990 and 7.3500) in the energy range 10 TeV–1 PeV. The secondary charged particles in different zenith angle bins are fitted with a differential distribution dN sp /dθ = A(X)sinθcos n(X ) θ, where the power index n(X) is a function of atmospheric depth X. For a given zenith angle θ, the frequency of the showers with secondary charged particle intensity higher than a threshold is also fitted with a relation F(θ,X 0 ) = F(0,X 0 )exp[−X 0 (secθ − 1)/λ], where X 0 is the vertical atmospheric depth and λ is the attenuation length. Further, the angular distribution parameter n(X) and attenuation co-efficients (λ) from our simulation result for different primaries are compared with available experimental data.

In this paper, we used CORSIKA code to understand the characteristics of cosmic ray induced showers at extremely high energy as a function of energy, detector distance to shower axis, number, and density of secondary charged particles and the nature particle producing the shower. Based on the standard properties of the atmosphere, lateral and longitudinal development of the shower for photons and electrons has been investigated. Fluorescent light has been collected by the detector for protons, helium, oxygen, silicon, calcium and iron primary cosmic rays in different energies. So we have obtained a number of electrons per unit area, distance to the shower axis, shape function of particles density, percentage of fluorescent light, lateral distribution of energy dissipated in the atmosphere and visual field angle of detector as well as size of the shower image. We have also shown that location of highest percentage of fluorescence light is directly proportional to atomic number of elements. Also we have shown when the distance from shower axis increases and the shape function of particles density decreases severely. At the first stages of development, shower axis distance from detector is high and visual field angle is small; then with shower moving toward the Earth, angle increases. Overall, in higher energies, the fluorescent light method has more efficiency. The paper provides standard calibration lines for high energy showers which can be used to determine the nature of the particles.

Wide-band radio emission from cosmic ray-induced extensive air showers is now well established. The electromagnetic component of the extensive air shower, during their propagation through atmosphere, interacts with their surroundings emitting radio pulses which can be detected from the very low frequency to the very high frequency. Conventional detection techniques, although effective, have lower duty cycles and are expensive. The radio method, on the other hand, provides almost 100 % duty cycle after suppressing the radio frequency interferences and is also cost-effective. Correlation studies show that there must be at least two separate mechanisms responsible for radio emission at low and high frequencies. So far, theoretical models based on computer simulations have been successful in explaining the emission at high frequencies. However, at low frequencies, the available theories have been incapable of explaining the observed field strengths as high as ~750 μV/m/MHz. In this paper, a mathematical model based on transition radiation is proposed to explain the low-frequency radio emission that uses realistic particle distribution obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation code CORSIKA.