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The first shots : the epic rivalries and heroic science behind the race to the coronavirus vaccine
The First Shots weaves together the vaccine-race conflicts among scientists and the rivalries among Washington power players that shaped 18 months of fear, resolve, and triumph. It traces the vaccine-race from infectious disease expert Michael Callahan, an American doctor secretly on the ground in Wuhan in January 2020 to gauge Disease X; to Robert (Dr. Bob) Kadlec, one of Operation Warp Speed's architects to Stephane Bancel of Moderna Therapeutics going toe-to-toe with Pfizer.-- Source other than the Library of Congress.
Book
COVID-19 vaccination in autoimmune disease (COVAD) survey protocol
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a cause of unprecedented global morbidity and mortality. Whilst COVID-19 vaccination has emerged as the only tangible solution to reducing poor clinical outcomes, vaccine hesitancy continues to be an obstacle to achieving high levels of vaccine uptake. This represents particular risk to patients with autoimmune diseases, a group already at increased risk of hospitalization and poor clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 infection. Whilst there is a paucity of long-term safety and efficacy data of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune diseases, the current evidence strongly suggests that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks of adverse effects and disease flares. Herein, we report the protocol of the COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) study, an ongoing international collaborative study involving 29 countries and over 110 investigators.
Journal Article
A shot to save the world : the remarkable race and ground-breaking science behind the Covid-19 vaccines
You know what went wrong. This is the untold story of what went right. Few were ready when a mysterious respiratory illness emerged in Wuhan, China, in January 2020. Politicians, government officials, business leaders and public-health professionals were unprepared for the most devastating pandemic in a century. Many of the world's biggest drug and vaccine makers were slow to react or couldn't muster an effective response. It was up to a small group of unlikely and untested scientists and executives to save civilisation.
Book
Parental attitudes, beliefs, and experiences related to pediatric COVID-19 vaccination
To assess parental attitudes, beliefs, and experiences related to pediatric COVID-19 vaccination.
An online, national survey of 2005 U.S. parents aged 18 and older was conducted during August 17–25, 2023. Parental attitudes and beliefs about pediatric COVID-19 vaccination, receipt of a COVID-19 vaccination recommendation for their child, and reasons for not getting their child vaccinated against COVID-19 were assessed. Factors associated with child's COVID-19 vaccination were also assessed.
Less than half (46.1 %) of responding parents strongly or somewhat agreed that COVID-19 vaccine is generally safe for children; agreement was higher among parents of 12–17-year-olds (54.2 %) vs. 0–4-year-olds (35.4 %), children with private (52.8 %) vs. Medicaid/CHIP health insurance (41.0 %), and those living in urban (54.2 %) vs. rural areas (29.8 %) (p-values<0.0001). Approximately 60 % of parents reported that their child's health care provider (HCP) recommended COVID-19 vaccination for their child, with higher proportions reporting a recommendation among those with 12–17-year-olds (73.1 %) vs. 0–4-year-olds (43.1 %) (p-value<0.0001), children with private (65.6 %) vs. Medicaid/CHIP health insurance (58.2 %) (p-value = 0.0013), and those living in urban (67.3 %) vs. rural areas (51.6 %) (p-value<0.0001). The top three reported reasons for not getting their child vaccinated against COVID-19 were 1) worry about serious/unknown long-term health problems from the vaccine (52.8 %), 2) a belief that COVID-19 vaccination is not effective at preventing COVID-19 (36.3 %), and 3) child/family has already had COVID-19 (19.3 %). Parents who had received COVID-19 vaccine themselves were more likely to vaccinate their child against COVID-19 (received bivalent vaccine dose: OR = 25.8 [15.9, 41.7]; received at least one dose, but not bivalent vaccine dose: OR = 11.1 [6.8, 18.2]).
Parental concerns around serious/unknown long-term health problems related to COVID-19 vaccination were observed. In addition, a significant proportion of parents reported not having received a COVID-19 vaccination recommendation. Addressing parents' concerns regarding vaccine safety remains important, especially in rural areas.
Journal Article
Kati's tiny messengers : Dr. Katalin Karikó and the battle against COVID-19
When she was young, Katalin Karikó decided she would study science - even though she had never even met a scientist! But she was determined to learn as much as she could about the human body, and once she made a decision, she stuck with it. Katalin had to learn English while attending university, but she worked hard until she became a doctor. After facing many challenges, including lack of research funding and harsh immigration policies, Kati and her family uprooted from Hungary and moved to America, where she became a top researcher. She knew that, with work, she could teach one of the building blocks of life, messenger RNA, to fight off harmful viruses. There was just one problem - no one else believed her. Then, the COVID-19 pandemic hit, and Kati and her work were thrust into the spotlight. But with her unshakable will, she was ready to face the challenge.
CHILDBOOK
COVID-19 precautionary dose vaccine hesitancy among undergraduate medical students of a government medical college in Karnataka – A cross-sectional study
Background: As a part of the COVID-19 preventive strategy, India began its vaccination drive on January 16, 2021, and was expanded in a phased manner. A significant percentage of India’s adult population is yet to receive the third dose. Hence, to know any hesitancy prevailing in undergraduate medical students who are supposed to be role models for the public, this study is undertaken. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the proportion and factors associated with COVID-19 precautionary dose vaccine hesitancy among undergraduate medical students of a Government Medical College in Karnataka. Materials and Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted among 420 undergraduate medical students at a Government Medical College in Karnataka. Students from all professional years of MBBS were selected for the study based on stratified random sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Results: Among 420 participants, 19.05% exhibited vaccine hesitancy, primarily driven by concerns about efficacy, safety, and the non-mandatory nature of precautionary doses. In contrast, fear of COVID-19 transmission, societal responsibility, and the availability of free vaccines were key motivators for vaccine acceptance among the majority. Using thematic analysis of focus group discussions, four key themes emerged were vaccine-related factors, personal factors, media influence, and external factors. Conclusion: The results underscore the vital importance of education, communication, and public health initiatives in enhancing vaccine confidence and uptake among medical students, paving the way for more effective interventions in the future.
Journal Article
Vaxxers : the inside story of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine and the race against the virus
This is the story of a race - not against other vaccines or other scientists, but against a deadly and devastating virus. On 1 January 2020, Sarah Gilbert, Professor of Vaccinology at Oxford University, read an article about four people in China with a strange pneumonia. Within two weeks, she and her team had designed a vaccine against a pathogen that no one had ever seen before. Less than 12 months later, vaccination was rolled out across the world to save millions of lives from Covid-19. In Vaxxers, we hear directly from Professor Gilbert and her colleague Dr Catherine Green as they reveal the inside story of making the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine and the cutting-edge science and sheer hard work behind it. This is their story of fighting a pandemic as ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. Sarah and Cath share the heart-stopping moments in the eye of the storm; they separate fact from fiction; they explain how they made a highly effective vaccine in record time with the eyes of the world watching; and they give us hope for the future. Vaxxers invites us into the lab to find out how science will save us from this pandemic, and how we can prepare for the inevitable next one.
Book
High serum prevalence of autoreactive IgG antibodies against peripheral nerve structures in patients with neurological post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome
Patients suffering from neurological symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination (post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS)) have imposed an increasing challenge on medical practice, as diagnostic precision and therapeutic options are lacking. Underlying autoimmune dysfunctions, including autoantibodies, have been discussed in neurological disorders after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Here, we describe the frequency and targets of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system tissues in PCVS.
Sera from 50 PCVS patients with peripheral neurological symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination and 35 vaccinated healthy controls were used in this study. IgG autoreactivity was measured via indirect immunofluorescence assays on mouse sciatic nerve teased fibers. The frequencies of autoantibodies were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Serum anti-ganglioside antibodies were measured in ganglioside blots. Autoantibody target identification was performed using immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry. Subsequent target confirmation was conducted via cell-based assays and ELISA.
Compared with controls, PCVS patients had a significantly greater frequency of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system structures (9/50(18%) vs 1/35(3%); p=0.04). Autoantibodies bound to paranodes (n=5), axons (n=4), Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (n=2) and Schwann cell nuclei (n=1). Conversely, antibodies against gangliosides were absent in PCVS patients. Target identification and subsequent confirmation revealed various subunits of neurofilaments as well as DFS-70 as autoantibody epitopes.
Our data suggest that autoantibodies against nervous system tissue could be relevant in PCVS patients. Autoantibodies against neurofilaments and cell nuclei with so far non-established links to this disease spectrum should be further elucidated to determine their biomarker potential.
Journal Article
Case Report: Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis Following COVID-19 Vaccination
Anti-leucine rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is characterized by cognitive impairment or rapid progressive dementia, psychiatric disorders, faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) and refractory hyponatremia. Since December 2020, millions of people worldwide have been vaccinated against COVID-19. Several soft neurological symptoms like pain, headache, dizziness, or muscle spasms are common and self-limited adverse effects after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. However, several major neurological complications, despite the unproven causality, have been reported since the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine. Herein, we describe a 48 years old man presenting with rapidly progressive cognitive decline and hyponatremia diagnosed with anti LGI1 AE, occurring shortly after the second dose of mRNA COVID -19 vaccine and possibly representing a severe adverse event related to the vaccination. Response to high dose steroid therapy was favorable. As millions of people worldwide are currently receiving COVID-19 vaccinations, this case should serve to increase the awareness for possible rare autoimmune reactions following this novel vaccination in general, and particularly of anti-LGI1 AE.
Journal Article
Alopecia areata after COVID-19 vaccination: two cases and review of the literature
Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hair loss, due to a T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory response targeting anagen-phase hair follicles. Former studies have suggested that vaccination and viral infections may play a role in the onset of AA through a variety of different mechanisms. We report here two cases of AA following COVID-19 vaccination.
Journal Article