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"CROSS COUNTRY"
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Cross-country running
In this work, Galloway shares his expert knowledge and provides detailed advice for cross-country runners on how to build endurance, train and race on hills, run on varied terrain, and much more.
Book
Redistribution, inequality, and growth
We investigate the relationship between inequality, redistribution, and growth using a recently-compiled dataset that distinguishes clearly between market (pre-tax and transfer) and net (post tax and transfer) inequality, and allows us to calculate redistributive transfers for a large number of advanced and developing countries. Across a variety of estiWe mation methods, data samples, and robustness checks, we find: (1) lower net inequality is robustly correlated with faster and more durable growth, controlling for the level of redistribution; (2) redistribution appears benign in terms of its impact on growth, except when it is extensive; and (3) inequality seems to affect growth through human capital accumulation and fertility channels.
Journal Article
A Comparative Study of Plantar Pressure and Inertial Sensors for Cross-Country Ski Classification Using Deep Learning
This work presents a comparative study of low cost and low invasiveness sensors (plantar pressure and inertial measurement units) for classifying cross-country skiing techniques. A dataset was created for symmetrical comparative analysis, with data collected from skiers using instrumented insoles that measured plantar pressure, foot angles, and acceleration. A deep learning model based on CNN and LSTM was trained on various sensor combinations, ranging from two specific pressure sensors to a full multisensory array per foot incorporating 4 pressure sensors and an inertial measurement unit with accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope. Results demonstrate an encouraging performance with plantar pressure sensors and classification accuracy closer to inertial sensing. The proposed approach achieves a global average accuracy of 94% to 99% with a minimal sensor setup, highlighting its potential for low-cost and precise technique classification in cross-country skiing and future applications in sports performance analysis.
Journal Article
Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing
Energy system contribution during cross-country (XC) skiing races is dependent on several factors, including the race duration, track profile, and sub-techniques applied, and their subsequent effects on the use of the upper and lower body. This review provides a scientific synopsis of the interactions of energy system contributions from a physiological, technical, and tactical perspective. On average, the aerobic proportion of the total energy expended during XC skiing competitions is comparable to the values for other sports with similar racing times. However, during both sprint (≤ 1.8 km) and distance races (≥ 10 and 15 km, women and men, respectively) a high aerobic turnover interacts with subsequent periods of very high work rates at ~ 120 to 160% of VO2peak during the uphill sections of the race. The repeated intensity fluctuations are possible due to the nature of skiing, which involves intermittent downhills where skiers can recover. Thus, the combination of high and sustained aerobic energy turnover and repeated work rates above VO2peak, interspersed with short recovery periods, distinguishes XC skiing from most other endurance sports. The substantially increased average speed in races over recent decades, frequent competitions in mass starts and sprints, and the greater importance of short periods at high speeds in various sub-techniques, have demanded changes in the physiological, technical, and tactical abilities needed to achieve world-class level within the specific disciplines.
Journal Article
Cross-country and endurance
This volume takes readers into the world of cross country and endurance competitions, which test the stamina, riding, and jumping abilities of the horse and rider.
Book
The board chair effect across countries
Research Summary Strategic leadership scholars have produced consistent evidence that the CEO effect on firm performance depends on the latitude of actions CEOs enjoy in their particular context. We argue that as the governance leaders of their firms, board chairs choose a firm's objectives more than they do its actions. As a result, the board chair effect should vary with latitude of objectives, rather than latitude of actions. We explore this possibility by comparing the board chair effect in two countries with relatively high latitude of objectives—Germany and China—with the board chair effect in two countries with relatively low latitude of objectives—the United States and United Kingdom. Results confirm that latitude of objectives influences the effect of board chair heterogeneity on firm performance. Managerial Summary Do board chairs matter to different degrees in different countries? Building on prior work showing that U.S. board chairs account for a significant portion of firm performance, we collected data on board chairs from four different countries to find out if this effect differs by institutional environment. We find that board chairs matter for firm performance across countries, but that board chairs in Germany and China exhibit a considerably larger effect on firm performance than do board chairs in the United States and United Kingdom. We interpret these findings as evidence that board chairs enjoy wider discretion with regard to organizational objectives in Germany and China than they do in the United States and United Kingdom.
Journal Article
Ride better with Christoph Hess : dozens of rider questions answered
\"Ride Better with Christoph Hess provides thoughtful, easy-to-apply advice when dealing with issues with the gaits, in particular the walk and canter; high-headedness or the horse that is \"too light\" in the poll; inconsistency of performance; leaning on the bit; falling out; lack of straightness; and much more. In addition, Hess breaks out particular skills and movements that often need specialized attention when in the dressage or jumping ring, and when going cross-country. Throughout Hess emphasizes that a rider must always strive to improve, for the simple reason that you can always do better for your horse. While competitive and training goals do, of course, bring a certain satisfaction, it is having an equine partner who is contented in his work and happy in your company that rewards most. This lesson, and all Hess's tips and solutions, are invaluable to equestrians of every level--everyone can walk away from this book a better rider.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Becoming a Paralympic Champion—Analysis of the Morpho-Functional Abilities of a Disabled Female Athlete in Cross-Country Skiing over a 10-Year Period
Changing medical classification into the functional one in disabled cross-country skiing means that the athlete’s predispositions and performance abilities most of all determine the final result in cross-country skiing. Thus, exercise tests have become an indispensable element of the training process. The subject of this study is to present a rare analysis of morpho-functional abilities in relation to the implementation of training workloads during the training preparation for a Paralympic champion in cross-country skiing when she was close to her maximal achievements. The study was performed to investigate abilities evaluated during laboratory tests and how they relate to performance outcomes during major tournaments. An exercise test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer was performed three times a year on a cross-country disabled female skier over a 10-year period. The morpho-functional level which enabled the athlete to compete for gold medals in the Paralympic Games (PG) is best reflected in the results obtained by her in the tests in the period of direct preparation for the PG and confirms optimal training workloads in this time. The study showed, that the VO2max level is presently the most important determinant of physical performance achieved by the examined athlete with physical disabilities. The aim of this paper is to present the level of exercise capacity of the Paralympic champion based on the analysis of the results of the tests in relation to the implementation of training workloads.
Journal Article