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The Brassica crops provide the greatest diversity of products derived from a single genus. As vegetables they deliver leaves, flowers, stems and roots that are used either fresh or in processed forms. This book covers the Occidental crops derived from B. oleracea (cole or cabbage group) and Oriental types from B. rapa (Chinese cabbage and its relatives). Both groups are of immense importance for human nutrition, containing vital vitamins and cancer preventing substances.

The consumption of plant sprouts as part of human day-to-day diets is gradually increasing, and their health benefit is attracting interest across multiple disciplines. The purpose of this review was to (a) critically evaluate the phytochemicals in selected sprouts (alfalfa, buckwheat, broccoli, and red cabbage), (b) describe the health benefits of sprouts, (c) assess the recent advances in sprout production, (d) rigorously evaluate their safety, and (e) suggest directions that merit special consideration for further novel research on sprouts. Young shoots are characterized by high levels of health-benefitting phytochemicals. Their utility as functional ingredients have been extensively described. Tremendous advances in the production and safety of sprouts have been made over the recent past and numerous reports have appeared in mainstream scientific journals describing their nutritional and medicinal properties. However, subjects such as application of sprouted seed flours in processed products, utilizing sprouts as leads in the synthesis of nanoparticles, and assessing the dynamics of a relationship between sprouts and gut health require special attention for future clinical exploration. Sprouting is an effective strategy allowing manipulation of phytochemicals in seeds to improve their health benefits.

• Plant–soil feedback (PSF) may influence plant–insect interactions. Although plant defense differs between shoot and root tissues, few studies have examined root-feeding insect herbivores in a PSF context. We examined here how plant growth and resistance against rootfeeding Delia radicum larvae was influenced by PSF. • We conditioned soil with cabbage plants that were infested with herbivores that affect D. radicum through plant-mediated effects: leaf-feeding Plutella xylostella caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae aphids, root-feeding D. radicum larvae, and/or added rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r. We analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community, and in a second set of conspecific plants exposed to conditioned soil, we assessed growth, expression of defense-related genes, and D. radicum performance. • The rhizosphere microbiome differed mainly between shoot and root herbivory treatments. Addition of Pseudomonas simiae did not influence rhizosphere microbiome composition. Plant shoot biomass, gene expression, and plant resistance against D. radicum larvae was affected by PSF in a treatment-specific manner. Soil conditioning overall reduced plant shoot biomass, Pseudomonas simiae-amended soil causing the largest growth reduction. • In conclusion, shoot and root insect herbivores alter the rhizosphere microbiome differently, with consequences for growth and resistance of plants subsequently exposed to conditioned soil.

Compared with sole nitrogen (N), the nutrition mixture of ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrate (NO 3 – ) is known to better improve crop yield and quality. However, the mechanism underlying this improvement remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in nutrient solution composition, content of different N forms in plant tissues and exudates, and expression of plasma membrane (PM) H + -ATPase genes ( HAs ) under different NH 4 + /NO 3 – ratios (0/100, 10/90, 25/75, 50/50 as control, T1, T2, and T3) in flowering Chinese cabbage. We observed that compared with the control, T1 and T2 increased the economical yield of flowering Chinese cabbage by 1.26- and 1.54-fold, respectively, whereas T3 significantly reduced plant yield. Compared with the control, T1–T3 significantly reduced the NO 3 – content and increased the NH 4 + , amino acid, and soluble protein contents of flowering Chinese cabbage to varying extents. T2 significantly increased the N use efficiency (NUE), whereas T3 significantly decreased it to only being 70.25% of that of the control. Owing to the difference in N absorption and utilization among seedlings, the pH value of the nutrient solution differed under different NH 4 + /NO 3 – ratios. At harvest, the pH value of T2 was 5.8; in the control and T1, it was approximately 8.0, and in T3 it was only 3.6. We speculated that appropriate NH 4 + /NO 3 – ratios may improve N absorption and assimilation and thus promote the growth of flowering Chinese cabbage, owing to the suitable pH value. On the contrary, addition of excessive NH 4 + may induce rhizosphere acidification and ammonia toxicity, causing plant growth inhibition. We further analyzed the transcription of PM H + -ATPase genes ( HAs ). HA1 and HA7 transcription in roots was significantly down-regulated by the addition of the mixture of NH 4 + and NO 3 – , whereas the transcription of HA2 , HA9 in roots and HA7 , HA8 , and HA10 in leaves was sharply up-regulated by the addition of the mixture; the transcription of HA3 was mainly enhanced by the highest ratio of NH 4 + /NO 3 – . Our results provide valuable information about the effects of treatments with different NH 4 + /NO 3 – ratios on plant growth and N uptake and utilization.

As a widely cultivated vegetable in China and Southeast Asia, the breeding of non-heading Chinese cabbage ( Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) is widespread; more than 400 varieties have been granted new plant variety rights (PVRs) in China. Distinctness is one of the key requirements for the granting of PVRs, and molecular markers are widely used as a robust supplementary method for similar variety selection in the distinctness test. Although many genome-wide molecular markers have been developed, they have not all been well used in variety identification and tests of distinctness of non-heading Chinese cabbage. In this study, by using 423 non-heading Chinese cabbage varieties collected from different regions of China, 287 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were screened for polymorphisms, and 23 core markers were finally selected. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of the 23 SSR markers ranged from 0.555 to 0.911, with an average of 0.693, and the average number of alleles per marker was 13.65. Using these 23 SSR markers, 418 out of 423 varieties could be distinguished, with a discrimination rate of 99.994%. Field tests indicated that those undistinguished varieties were very similar and could be further distinguished by a few morphological characteristics. According to the clustering results, the 423 varieties could be divided into three groups: pak-choi, caitai, and tacai. The similarity coefficient between the SSR markers and morphological characteristics was moderate (0.53), and the efficiency of variety identification was significantly improved by using a combination of SSR markers and morphological characteristics.

Background Although hormesis induced by heavy metals is a well-known phenomenon, the involved biological mechanisms are not fully understood. Cadmium (Cd) is a prevalent heavy metal in the environment. Exposure of Cd, via intake or consumption of Cd-contaminated air or food, poses a huge threat to human health. Chinese cabbage pakchoi ( Brassica chinensis L.) is widely planted and consumed as a popular vegetable in China. Therefore, studying the response of Chinese cabbage pakchoi to Cd- stressed conditions is critical to assess whether cabbage can accumulate Cd and serve as an important Cd exposure pathway to human beings. In this study, we investigated the influence of Cd stress on growth, photosynthetic physiology, antioxidant enzyme activities, nutritional quality, anatomical structure, and canopy temperature in Chinese cabbage pakchoi. A partial least squares (PLS) model was used to quantify the relationship between physical and chemical indicators with Cd accumulation in cabbage, and identify the main controlling factors. Results Results showed that Cd stress significantly inhibited cabbage’s growth and development. When Cd stress was increased, the phenotypic indicators were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, Cd stress significantly enhanced the oxidative stress response of cabbage, such as the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves. Such a change tended to increase fenestrated tissues’ thickness but decrease the thickness of leaf and spongy tissues. Moreover, Cd stress significantly increased soluble sugar, protein, and vitamin C contents in leaves as well as the temperature in the plant canopy. The PLS model analysis showed that the studied phenotypic and physicochemical indicators had good relationships with Cd accumulation in roots, shoots, and the whole plant of cabbage, with high coefficient of determination (R 2 ) values of 0.891, 0.811, and 0.845, and low relative percent deviation (RPD) values of 3.052, 2.317, and 2.557, respectively. Furthermore, through analyzing each parameter’s variable importance for projection (VIP) value, the SOD activity was identified as a key factor for indicating Cd accumulation in cabbage. Meanwhile, the effects of CAT on Cd accumulation in cabbage and the canopy mean temperature were also high. Conclusion Cd stress has significant inhibitory effects and can cause damage cabbage’s growth and development, and the SOD activity may serve as a key factor to indicate Cd uptake and accumulation in cabbage.

The natural and cultural history of an iconic plant The palmetto, also known as the cabbage palm or Sabal palmetto, is an iconic part of the southeastern American landscape and the state tree of Florida and South Carolina. In The Palmetto Book, Jono Miller offers surprising facts and dispels common myths about an important native plant that remains largely misunderstood. Miller answers basic questions such as: Are palms trees? Where did they grow historically? When should palmettos be pruned? What is swamp cabbage and how do you prepare it? Did Winslow Homers watercolors of palmettos inadvertently document rising sea level? How can these plants be both flammable and fireproof? Based on historical research, Miller argues that cabbage palms can live for more than two centuries. The palmettos that were used to build Fort Moultrie at the start of the Revolutionary War thwarted a British attack on Charlestonand ended up on South Carolinas flag. Delving into biology, Miller describes the anatomy of palm fronds and their crisscrossed leaf bases, called bootjacks. He traces the underground saxophone structure of the young plants root system. He explores the importance of palmettos for many wildlife species, including Florida Scrub-Jays and honey bees. Miller also documents how palmettos can pose problems for native habitats, citrus groves, and home landscapes. From Low Country sweetgrass baskets to Seminole chickees and an Elvis Presley movie set, the story of the cabbage palm touches on numerous dimensions of the natural and cultural history of the Southeast. Exploring both the past and present of this distinctive species, The Palmetto Book is a fascinating and enlightening journey.

Background and aims Loss of biodiversity caused by intensive agriculture is a major worldwide concern. Crop rotation can enhance crop productivity and increase soil microbial diversity. However, the functional significances of changes in soil microbial communities are poorly understood. Methods Soil microbial communities from a cucumber monoculture system and the cucumber season of a two-year rotation system (tomato-celery-cucumber-Chinese cabbage) were analyzed by quantitative PCR and high throughput amplicon sequencing. Then, feedback effects of soil biota on cucumber seedlings were evaluated through soil sterilization, addition of soil inoculum, and application of bactericide and fungicide. Results Crop rotation increased cucumber yield and bacterial diversity, but decreased fungal diversity and abundance. The bacterial and fungal community compositions also differed between the two cropping systems. Abundances of potential plant pathogens and antagonistic microorganisms were lower while potential plant-growth-promoting microorganisms were higher in the rotation system. The overall effect of soil biota was positive on cucumber seedling growth, and was stronger in the rotation system. Conclusions Increasing temporal plant diversity can change soil microbial communities and enhance crop productivity through positive plant-soil feedbacks mediated by soil biota.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1703515.].

We present a green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) by using red cabbage (rc) and a one-step hydrothermal approach. The rcCQDs were characterized by various techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized rcCQDs exhibited an average size of 3 nm, measured by TEM, blue fluorescence, and a quantum yield of 8.3%. The highest emission band was observed at approximately 402 nm when excited at 330 nm. The rcCQDs exhibited strong antioxidant activities by scavenging 61, 56, and 91% against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and potassium permanganate radicals, respectively. The scavenging activity of rcCQDs was comparable with that of standard antioxidant L-ascorbic acid. Cell Counting Kit (CCK)–8 assay depicted superior bio-compatibility and negligible cytotoxicity of rcCQDs on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. They were used as a fluorescent probe for bio-labeling of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The viabilities of the labeled bacterial cells were analyzed by AFM and UV-visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, the rcCQDs were utilized as a fluorescent ink, an alternative to pens, and maybe suitable for paints and varnish agents. This study provides detailed mechanistic insights into the antioxidant activity of as-synthesized rcCQDs, which suggest the practical applicability of CQDs for bio-medical applications.Key points• Carbon quantum dots were prepared from red cabbage using the hydrothermal method.• The scavenging activity of rcCQDs was evaluated for DPPH, OH, and KMnO4radicals.• The rcCQDs were used for the labeling of foodborne bacteria.• The rcCQDs could be utilized as fluorescent ink.