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Cadaba trifoliata (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (Capparaceae) is an occasional and endemic tree species of the Peninsular India. In this study, an effective in vitro regeneration system is reported for the first time for this tree, and the impact of growth regulators on the micro-morphometric growth modulations was assessed. Node explants were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 3 types of cytokinins viz., N 6-benzyladenine (BA), N 6-furfuryladenine (kinetin/Kin), and N 6-( meta -hydroxybenzyl)adenine ( meta -Topolin/ m T). The MS medium with m T at 1.0 mg/L was found the most efficient cytokinin for bud break, resulting in a 90.3% organogenic response and producing 8.0 shoots/explants. Conversely, MS medium with 1.5 mg/L BA produced 4.0 shoots, and only 3.3 shoots resulted in 2.0 mg/L Kin. Additionally, a combination of m T (0.5 mg/L) and 0.25 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased regeneration frequencies and a maximum of 23.0 shoots (5.4 cm length) were amplified, in contrast a combination of BA + IAA and Kin + IAA resulted in a lesser number of shoots comparatively with shoot tip necrosis. Microscopic analysis showed that the leaves developed on the optimal m T and IAA combination were structurally superior with moderately differentiated cuticle, uniform epidermal layers, and increased mesophyll density and vascular elements. The leaves from BA + IAA and Kin + IAA treatments exhibited micro-structural abnormalities. The highest rhizogenic response (95.8%) and a considerable number of roots (5.0 roots with 4.3 cm length) were regenerated from the shoots derived from m T and IAA combination on 1.25 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). About 91.7% of the regenerated plantlets survived during ex vitro acclimatization. The study thus highlights the pivotal role of m T in stimulating the in vitro regeneration and alleviation of micro-structural and physiological disorders in cultures of C. trifoliata .

This study evaluates the efficacy of phytotherapy in treating oral cancer. This study evaluated the phytocompounds extracted from Cadaba fruticosa for anticancer potential using GC–MS analysis. A total of 10 bioactive phytocompounds were identified, of which 3,5-dichloro benzyl propyl ester emerged as a highly potent candidate. A pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using SwissADME, and the selected compound did not adhere to Lipinski’s rule of five, indicating no toxicity. A network pharmacology and molecular docking study was conducted to investigate the interaction between these compounds and the target proteins of oral cancer. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database provided 10 hub genes associated with critical pathways: EGFR, MAPK3, PPARG, MTOR, KRAS, MDM2, ERBB2, IRS1, HRAS, and JAK2. Molecular docking studies confirmed strong binding interactions between 3,5-dichlorobenzyl propyl ester and the oral cancer protein SMAD, which had binding energy of -7.9 kcal/mol and interactions with the amino acids TYR280 (2.89 Å), ARG285 (3.04 Å), THR413 (3.21 Å), ARG415 (2.98 Å) and SER276 (2.09 Å), TYR280 (3.74 Å), THR289 (4.09 Å), ARG285 (4.31 Å), ARG415 (3.63 Å), ARG410 (3.54 Å), HIS441 (5.07 Å), PRO360 (4.45 Å), ARG410 (4.46 Å), ARG410 (4.93 Å) and ALA278 (4.34 Å). A molecular dynamics simulation was performed over 200 ns and showed the complex stable, with RMSD values ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 nm. Apoptotic gene expression analysis of KB-1 oral cancer cell lines showed downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes BAD, BAX, and caspase-3 at an IC 50 of 38.60 µg/ml. In a density functional theory (DFT) analysis, 3,5-dichloro benzyl propyl ester was found to have HOMO and LUMO energy levels ranging from − 0.8100 to 0.2701, highlighting its electronic properties. The RDG scattered plot topological analysis indicated significant Van der Waals interactions and steric repulsions. Accordingly, the present study concludes that 3,5-dichloro benzyl propyl ester is a promising new drug for treating oral cancer.

Cadabatone ( 1 ), a new eudesmanolide-type sesquiterpene lactone, has been isolated from the EtOAc soluble subfraction of the methanolic extract of Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce, along with known compounds, 3-epierivanin ( 2 ), 3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone ( 3 ), esculetin ( 4 ), rosmarinic acid ( 5 ), α-amyrin ( 6 ), and β-amyrin ( 7 ), isolated for the first time from this species. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic studies including MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Leaves of Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk have widely been used by the community of Eastern Ethiopia as traditional phytomedicine against various diseases. The focus of this study was to screen major phytochemical classes and determine their contents, and evaluate in-vitro antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of C. rotundifolia leaf. The total content of phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and tannin (TTC), and in-vitro antioxidant activity (using DPPH and ferric reducing power assays) of four extracts (pure ethanol, pure methanol, 80% methanol and 80% ethanol) were determined using spectrophotometric method. The obtained data revealed that 80% ethanol extract scored the highest extraction yield (16.22%) followed by 80% aqueous methanol (12.90%), methanol (12.87%) and ethanol (12.86%); whereas the lowest crude extract percentage yield was recorded by petroleum ether (1.11%) followed by ethyl acetate (1.42%) and dichloromethane (1.65%). Flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins were positively screened especially in the alcoholic and their corresponding aqueous extracts. The present finding also showed the presence of appreciable amounts of total phenolic (8.04 ± 1.04-10.46 ± 1.25) mgGAE/gDCE (gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried crude extracts), flavonoid (0.38 ± 0.05-0.51 ± 0.03) and tannin (0.75 ± 0.03-1.05 ± 0.03) mgCE/gDCE (catechin equivalent per gram of dried crude extracts). The 80% methanol extract exhibited the highest phenolic (10.46 ± 1.25 mgGA/gDCE) and flavonoid (0.51 ± 0.03 mgCE/gDCE) contents; whereas the highest total tannin content (0.92 ± 0.03 mgCE/gDCE) was recorded in aqueous (80%) ethanol extract. The aqueous ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest scavenging activity against DPPH-free radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) than the non-aqueous parts; which is also correlated with the obtained total contents of phenolic, flavonoid and tannin expected to have antioxidant potency. In the immediate future, it is therefore very important to note that the hydro-alcoholic solvents should be prioritized while conducting any phyto-pharmacological studies on the C. rotundifolia leaves.

This study investigated the bioactive components and explored the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the methanolic leaf extracts of Cadaba glandulosa (MLCG). The observed activity is related to the diverse chemical composition of the extract as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, which tentatively identified 18 distinct compounds. Notable compounds include methyl dodecanoate, methyl tetradecanoate, 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, palmitoleic acid, anethole, brefeldin A and oleic acid. The antioxidant tests showed a significant scavenging activity of 88.2% at a concentration of 381.5 µg/mL, which underlines the effectiveness of the extract in neutralizing free radicals. The total phenolic content in MLCG was found to be 79.5%, corresponding to 250.8 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/ mL.The antibacterial activity of MLCG showed variability between bacterial strains, with the strongest inhibition observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes , both Gram-positive bacteria. The extract showed moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , while the least activity was observed against Klebsiella pneumoniae . In this study, the impressive antioxidant and antibacterial properties of MLCG underline the therapeutic potential of Cadaba glandulosa as a natural source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce (Capparaceae) is a pharmaceutically valuable woody shrub. Reproductive constraints (poor seed-setting, low seed germination, viability, and seedling survival) coupled with habitat disruption have caused decline in populations of this now endangered species. This paper reports an improved de novo shoot organogenesis using mature leaf-derived callus for the first time. Influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs), incorporation of additives, amending salts, and re-culturing of differentiated callus on shoot multiplication in C. fruticosa were studied. About 77% of leaf explants produced yellow-green, proliferative, and organized callus from the cut-ends on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Leaf-derived regenerative callus optimally differentiated in multiple shoots on MS medium containing varied combinations of PGRs (0.25 mg 17! kinetin [Kin], 0.5 mg L' 6-benzylaminopurine [BAP], and 0.1 mg Lİ a-naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA]). Anatomical analysis visualized meristematic centres (MCs) and emergence of meristemoids protuberances (MPs) from inoculated leaf explants. The incorporation of additives significantly enhanced shoot multiplication and promoted synchronous growth of shoot cultures. The leaf-derived callus showed 100% shoot differentiation and the highest number of shoots (48.61 2.79) measuring shoot length (6.33 0.43 cm) on POMAS (PGRs optimized medium with additives and salts) when differentiated callus was re-cultured for three passages. Hence, using the strategy of re-culturing the differentiated callus after harvesting shoots for six repeated passages, more than 200 shoots were obtained from 400 mg of callus. More than 83% of shoots exhibited ex vitro rooting after being pulse-treated (for 4 min) with 500.0 mg LA indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and subsequently transferred to microbe-free Soilrite, moistened with aqueous % MS salts. The rooted plantlets were hardened under the greenhouse conditions with more than 82% survival. Thus, the method developed here can be an alternative approach for propagation and conservation of C. fruticosa germplasm.

Cadaba rotundifolia (Forssk.) (family: Capparaceae; common name: Qadab) is one of four species that grow in the Red Sea costal region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The roots and leaves of C. rotundifolia is traditionally used to treat tumors and abscesses in Sudan. A previous phytochemical study of the roots yielded a quaternary alkaloid, but no report on chemical constituents of the aerial parts of the C. rotundifolia growing in Saudi Arabia has been issued so far. Oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are thought as causal factors in many degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis and aging. In this study, a total of twenty compounds, including four previously undescribed acylated kaempferol glucosides, were isolated from the aerial parts of C. rotundifolia collected in Saudi Arabia. These new compounds were identified as kaempferol 3-O-[2-O-(trans-feruloyl)-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-β-neohesperidoside-7-O-[2-O-(cis-p-coumaroyl)-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-[2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside-7-O-[6-O-(trans-feruloyl)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3) and kaempferol 3-O-[2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside-7-O-[6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (4). Their structures were established based on UV-visible, 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS analyses. Of the assayed compounds, 17 and 18 showed potent radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 14.5 and 11.7 µM, respectively, and inhibitory activity toward AGEs together with compound 7 with IC50 values 96.5, 34.9 and 85.5 µM, respectively.

This study presents for the first time the complete chloroplast genomes of four medicinal species in the Capparaceae family belonging to two different genera, Cadaba and Maerua (i.e., C. farinosa, C. glandulosa, M. crassifolia and M. oblongifolia), to investigate their evolutionary process and to infer their phylogenetic positions. The four species are considered important medicinal plants, and are used in the treatment of many diseases. In the genus Cadaba, the chloroplast genome ranges from 156,481 bp to 156,560 bp, while that of Maerua ranges from 155,685 bp to 155,436 bp. The chloroplast genome of C. farinosa, M. crassifolia and M. oblongifolia contains 138 genes, while that of C. glandulosa contains 137 genes, comprising 81 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Out of the total genes, 116–117 are unique, while the remaining 19 are replicated in inverted repeat regions. The psbG gene, which encodes for subunit K of NADH dehydrogenase, is absent in C. glandulosa. A total of 249 microsatellites were found in the chloroplast genome of C. farinosa, 251 in C. glandulosa, 227 in M. crassifolia and 233 in M. oblongifolia, the majority of which are mononucleotides A/T found in the intergenic spacer. Comparative analysis revealed variable hotspot regions (atpF, rpoC2, rps19 and ycf1), which can be used as molecular markers for species authentication and as regions for inferring phylogenetic relationships among them, as well as for evolutionary studies. The monophyly of Capparaceae and other families under Brassicales, as well as the phylogenetic positions of the studied species, are highly supported by all the relationships in the phylogenetic tree. The cp genomes reported in this study will provide resources for studying the genetic diversity of Capparaceae, as well as resolving phylogenetic relationships within the family.

Indirect interactions driven by livestock and wild herbivores are increasingly recognized as important aspects of community dynamics in savannas and rangelands. Large ungulate herbivores can both directly and indirectly impact the reproductive structures of plants, which in turn can affect the pollinators of those plants. We examined how wild herbivores and cattle each indirectly affect the abundance of a common pollinator butterfly taxon, Colotis spp., at a set of long‐term, large herbivore exclosure plots in a semiarid savanna in central Kenya. We also examined effects of herbivore exclusion on the main food plant of Colotis spp., which was also the most common flowering species in our plots: the shrub Cadaba farinosa. The study was conducted in four types of experimental plots: cattle‐only, wildlife‐only, cattle and wildlife (all large herbivores), and no large herbivores. Across all plots, Colotis spp. abundances were positively correlated with both Cadaba flower numbers (adult food resources) and total Cadaba canopy area (larval food resources). Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that floral resources drove the abundance of Colotis butterflies. Excluding browsing wildlife increased the abundances of both Cadaba flowers and Colotis butterflies. However, flower numbers and Colotis spp. abundances were greater in plots with cattle herbivory than in plots that excluded all large herbivores. Our results suggest that wild browsing herbivores can suppress pollinator species whereas well‐managed cattle use may benefit important pollinators and the plants that depend on them. This study documents a novel set of ecological interactions that demonstrate how both conservation and livelihood goals can be met in a working landscape with abundant wildlife and livestock. This study uncovers a novel set of trophic interactions between livestock (cattle), large wild herbivores, a flowering shrub species, and a dominant butterfly pollinator guild. One of the most intriguing results of the study was that in plots where only cattle were allowed to graze, the plant species had higher shrub and flower densities which in turn attracted greater pollinator abundances. The premise and general findings of this study will be useful for land managers in working rangeland systems all over.

In the present investigation an attempt was made to evaluate the in vitro and in silico anti-gout arthritic activity of ethanolic (EECF) and aqueous extracts (AECF) of leaves of Cadaba fruticosa. The in vitro anti-gout arthritic activity of EECF and AECF was evaluated in terms of their inhibitory potential of xanthine oxidase, proteinase enzymes as well as protein denaturation and membrane stabilization using standard protocols. For the analysis of in silico anti-gout arthritic activity, molecular docking was performed for the GC–Ms derived 15 phyto constituents using patch dock server to find a suitable antagonistic ligand for the enzymes cyclooxygenase I and matrix metalloproteinase IV since they are the key enzymes responsible for pain and degenerative changes. Among the EECF and AECF extracts the EECF extract exhibited higher inhibitory activity of the xanthine oxidase and proteinase enzyme. At the concentrations of 800 and 1000μg/ml the observed inhibitory activity was almost similar to the positive drug Allopurinol and Acetyl salicylic acid. Based on the docking score and activation energy the two phyto constituents Quercetin and Cadabicinediacetate inhibited the enzymes cyclooxygenase I and matrix metalloproteinase IV and serves as a better antagonistic ligand to suppress the pain and joint destruction. It may be concluded that the leaves of Cadaba fruticosa may further developed into a effective drug for the management of gouty arthritis due to its multi targeted inhibitory activity of several inflammatory mediators.