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L'économie circulaire est présentée ici comme une réponse possible à l'épuisement des ressources (sable, métaux critiques, eau douce) et aux limites planétaires dont 7 sur 9 sont franchies. Théorisée depuis les années 1960-1970, l'économie circulaire s'institutionnalise via des cadres réglementaires européen et français ainsi que des normes d'application volontaire : normes définissent notamment des catégories dactions : création, conservation et récupération de valeur, régénération des écosystèmes, et actions facilitatrices. Ces actions seront illustrées au fil de la revue, laissant à penser que léconomie circulaire est devenue une réalité opérationnelle pour repenser notre rapport aux ressources...

Scholarly debate on the role of various contributing factors in cadre promotion yields conflicting evidence for different administrative levels in China, yet rarely has any quantitative evidence been presented for below the county level. This study explores the causal relationship between loyalty, competence and promotion at the township level. Based on an original dataset of local cadre training records, this paper utilizes cadres’ training experience at Party schools and academic institutions to account for loyalty and competence at the local level. Using a rigorous data-preprocessing method – coarsened exact matching (CEM) – this paper explores the causal effects of cadre training on promotion. The empirical results show that Party school training significantly increases the probability of promotion for township-level cadres, while university training contributes to chances of promotion to a lesser but indispensable degree. Moreover, local cadres who are both Party school and university trained enjoy the best chances of promotion.

Introduction: The prevalence of dental caries in West Jakarta was 44.24%, and one of the prevention efforts that could be taken was health promotion. Posyandu cadres are health volunteers selected from the community who voluntarily contribute to improving community health. Posyandu cadres are important as oral health educators in the community; as extension workers, Posyandu cadres must have the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience to be trusted as a source of information; one of the factors that influence participation is knowledge. Aims: This research examines the relationship between education and oral health knowledge among Posyandu Cadres in Kemanggisan District. Method: Analytical observational research was conducted using a cross-sectional design method involving 73 Posyandu cadres. The research was conducted by taking data from the results of questionnaires filled in directly from August – September 2023. Result: Of the 73 respondents, 41.1% had high knowledge, and 58.9% had low knowledge. Subjects who had a high level of education had higher odds of having good knowledge (adjusted OR: 147.93; 95% CI: 3.52 - 6218.85, P = 0.009). Conclusion: The higher the cadre's education, the better their oral health knowledge will be.

Village cadres are important agents for the state yet disciplining them has been difficult. There are few disciplinary tools that can easily hold them to account. Prior to 2018, Party discipline did not apply to non-Party cadres. Legislation was ambiguous in relation to these grassroots agents and had to rely heavily on legal interpretation. The impact of the cadre evaluation system on village cadres, who are not considered to be public servants on the state payroll, was limited. This situation has changed since 2018. The party-state has consolidated and institutionalized ways in which grassroots cadres are checked and disciplined. Instead of relying on policy regulation, which had been the dominant disciplinary method since 1949, village cadres are now fully subject to Party rules and state laws. These changes have been accomplished through the application of three measures. First, village Party secretaries are to serve concurrently as village heads, and members of village and Party committees are to overlap, thereby making them subject to Party discipline. Second, village cadres are now considered to be “public agents” and are on an equal legal footing with other state agents. Finally, a campaign waged by the criminal justice apparatus cleaned up village administration and prepared it for upcoming village elections in a new era.

China's national leaders see restructuring and diversification away from resource-based, energy intensive industries as central goals in the coming years. On the basis of extensive fieldwork in China between 2010 and 2012, we suggest that the high turnover of leading cadres at the local level may hinder state-led greening growth initiatives. Frequent cadre turnover is intended primarily to keep local Party secretaries and mayors on the move in order to promote the implementation of central directives. While rotation does seem to aid implementation by reducing coordination problems, there are also significant downsides to local leaders changing office every three to four years. Officials with short time horizons are likely to choose the path of least resistance in selecting quick, low-quality approaches to the implementation of environmental policies. We conclude that the perverse effects of local officials’ short time horizons give reason to doubt the more optimistic claims about the advantages of China's model of environmental authoritarianism.

Bien que les trajectoires migratoires soient complexes pour chaque personne, les femmes et les personnes à l'intersection de divers systèmes d'oppressions (comme le sexisme, le racisme et le colonialisme) - plus encore celles qui sont en situation de refuge (réfugiées, demandeuses d'asile ou à statut précaire) - sont plus susceptibles de subir des violences (Auclair 2016 et 2017; Collins 2017). Pour cette recherche, le concept de personne en situation de refuge a été mobilisé pour référer à toute « personne se trouvant dans une situation semblable à celle des réfugiées, qu'elles aient ou non amorcé leur processus [de demande d'asile] et que celui-ci se soit soldé positivement ou négativement » (Auclair 2016 : 12). Le cadre conceptuel initial (présenté à la figure 1) a permis d'analyser les effets de l'imbrication des systèmes d'oppressions sur la production et la multiplication des actes violents tout au long de la trajectoire migratoire. Au niveau macrosocial, en vue de saisir les cadres normatifs influençant les trajectoires migratoires et les conditions d'accueil, la recension des politiques, lois et outils internationaux, fédéraux et provinciaux visant les personnes en situation de refuge a été actualisée. Au niveau méso (organisationnel), des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été menés auprès de 63 professionnel les de 26 organisations offrant des services à cette population dans divers secteurs d'activités : participation sociale et communautaire, employabilité, santé et services sociaux, habitation, francisation, droits des femmes, interprétation et protection de droits.

In most countries, a fundamental shift in the focus of clinical care for older people is needed. Instead of trying to manage numerous diseases and symptoms in a disjointed fashion, the emphasis should be on interventions that optimize older people's physical and mental capacities over their life course and that enable them to do the things they value. This, in turn, requires a change in the way services are organized: there should be more integration within the health system and between health and social services. Existing organizational structures do not have to merge; rather, a wide array of service providers must work together in a more coordinated fashion. The evidence suggests that integrated health and social care for older people contributes to better health outcomes at a cost equivalent to usual care, thereby giving a better return on investment than more familiar ways of working. Moreover, older people can participate in, and contribute to, society for longer. Integration at the level of clinical care is especially important: older people should undergo comprehensive assessments with the goal of optimizing functional ability and care plans should be shared among all providers. At the health system level, integrated care requires: (i) supportive policy, plans and regulatory frameworks; (ii) workforce development; (iii) investment in information and communication technologies; and (iv) the use of pooled budgets, bundled payments and contractual incentives. However, action can be taken at all levels of health care from front-line providers through to senior leaders - everyone has a role to play.

Low back pain is the leading cause of years lived with disability globally. In 2018, an international working group called on the World Health Organization to increase attention on the burden of low back pain and the need to avoid excessively medical solutions. Indeed, major international clinical guidelines now recognize that many people with low back pain require little or no formal treatment. Where treatment is required the recommended approach is to discourage use of pain medication, steroid injections and spinal surgery, and instead promote physical and psychological therapies. Many health systems are not designed to support this approach. In this paper we discuss why care for low back pain that is concordant with guidelines requires system-wide changes. We detail the key challenges of low back pain care within health systems. These include the financial interests of pharmaceutical and other companies; outdated payment systems that favour medical care over patients' self-management; and deep-rooted medical traditions and beliefs about care for back pain among physicians and the public. We give international examples of promising solutions and policies and practices for health systems facing an increasing burden of ineffective care for low back pain. We suggest policies that, by shifting resources from unnecessary care to guideline-concordant care for low back pain, could be cost-neutral and have widespread impact. Small adjustments to health policy will not work in isolation, however. Workplace systems, legal frameworks, personal beliefs, politics and the overall societal context in which we experience health, will also need to change.

Over the past three decades, China has shown tremendous interest in the “Singapore model” through its sending of tens of thousands of cadres to Singapore for executive training and graduate education. Although this phenomenon has been studied, no attention has been drawn to the perspectives of those mid-level cadres who took part in the training and what those perspectives might imply. Utilizing a unique dataset of over 1,350 mid-level cadres graduating from the “Mayors’ Class” in Singapore from 1995 to 2016 and follow-up surveys and interviews, this article intends to fill this gap. We found that the most appealing characteristics of the “Singapore model” for these mid-level officials lay in practical governance lessons and their potential transferability rather than in ideologies. This finding challenges conventional wisdom that the most plausible rationale of China's learning from Singapore is political. We also examine Xi Jinping's view of Singapore and its relevance to China's latest national agendas in building a “learning nation” and strengthening the CCP's resilience through anti-corruption and intra-party regeneration. The conclusion places the China–Singapore case within the context of the changing trend of transnational knowledge transfer in the non-Western world. 在过去的三十年里, 中国各级政府部门派送了数万名官员到新加坡接受短期培训或攻读硕士学位课程, 对所谓的 “新加坡模式” 展现了极大的兴趣。虽然学术界对中国学习新加坡这一现象有所研究, 但现有的研究都忽视这些曾在新加坡受训的中国地方中层官员对 “新加坡模式” 及其在中国之可行性的看法。通过利用独特的南洋理工大学 “市长班” 毕业生数据库 (1995–2016) 以及后续问卷调查与访谈资料, 本文试图填补这一空白。我们发现; 对于这些中层官员来说, “新加坡模式” 中最有吸引力的是具有可操作性的政府管理经验及其在中国的应用, 而非意识形态的吸引力。这一发现挑战了学术界对中国学习新加坡这一现象的惯常解读, 即; 中国向新加坡学习的主要考量是出于政治因素。此外, 结合中国近年来强调的建设 “学习型政党” 和通过反腐和自我革新提高中国共产党的执政能力, 本文分析了习近平对于新加坡的看法。结论部分我们将中国与新加坡互学互鉴的事例放置于非西方世界跨国知识转移这一大背景下进行相关讨论。

Based on Perry’s Public Service Motivation Theory, this paper aims at (1) measuring public service motivation of village cadres and the effectiveness of rural living environment governance; (2) examining the public service motivation of village cadres as a factor potentially influencing the effectiveness of rural living environment governance. Through the survey of village heads, the village party secretaries and villagers in 118 villages in south-central China, an empirical study on the impact of village cadres’ public service motivation and effectiveness of rural living environment governance is conducted. Empirical results indicate that village cadres’ public service motivation (four dimensions) positively influences the effectiveness of rural living environment governance (three aspects). Therefore, we could consider more about perspective of village cadres’ public service motivation for improving the effectiveness of rural living environment governance.