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"Caesar, Julius Sources."
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Crossing the Rubicon
A dramatic account of the fateful year leading to the ultimate crisis of the Roman Republic and the rise of Caesar's autocracy When the Senate ordered Julius Caesar, conqueror of Gaul, to disband his troops, he instead marched his soldiers across the Rubicon River, in violation of Roman law. The Senate turned to its proconsul, Pompey the Great, for help. But Pompey's response was unexpected: he commanded magistrates and senators to abandon Rome-a city that, until then, had always been defended. The consequences were the ultimate crisis of the Roman Republic and the rise of Caesar's autocracy. In this new history, Luca Fezzi argues that Pompey's actions sealed the Republic's fate. Drawing on a wide range of primary sources, including Cicero's extensive letters, Fezzi shows how Pompey's decision shocked the Roman people, severely weakened the city, and set in motion a chain of events that allowed Caesar to take power. Seamlessly translated by Richard Dixon, this book casts fresh light on the dramatic events of this crucial moment in ancient Roman history.
eBook
Cold-water corals and hydrocarbon-rich seepage in Pompeia Province (Gulf of Cádiz) – living on the edge
Azooxanthellate cold-water corals (CWCs) have a global distribution and have commonly been found in areas of active fluid seepage. The relationship between the CWCs and these fluids, however, is not well understood. This study aims to unravel the relationship between CWC development and hydrocarbon-rich seepage in Pompeia Province (Gulf of Cádiz, Atlantic Ocean). This region is comprised of mud volcanoes (MVs), coral ridges and fields of coral mounds, which are all affected by the tectonically driven seepage of hydrocarbon-rich fluids. These types of seepage, for example, focused, scattered, diffused or eruptive, is tightly controlled by a complex system of faults and diapirs. Early diagenetic carbonates from the currently active Al Gacel MV exhibit δ13C signatures down to −28.77 ‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), which indicate biologically derived methane as the main carbon source. The same samples contain 13C-depleted lipid biomarkers diagnostic for archaea such as crocetane (δ13C down to −101.2 ‰ VPDB) and pentamethylicosane (PMI) (δ13C down to −102.9 ‰ VPDB), which is evidence of microbially mediated anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). This is further supported by next generation DNA sequencing data, demonstrating the presence of AOM-related microorganisms (ANMEs, archaea, sulfate-reducing bacteria) in the carbonate. Embedded corals in some of the carbonates and CWC fragments exhibit less negative δ13C values (−8.08 ‰ to −1.39 ‰ VPDB), pointing against the use of methane as the carbon source. Likewise, the absence of DNA from methane- and sulfide-oxidizing microbes in sampled coral does not support the idea of these organisms having a chemosynthetic lifestyle. In light of these findings, it appears that the CWCs benefit rather indirectly from hydrocarbon-rich seepage by using methane-derived authigenic carbonates as a substratum for colonization. At the same time, chemosynthetic organisms at active sites prevent coral dissolution and necrosis by feeding on the seeping fluids (i.e., methane, sulfate, hydrogen sulfide), allowing cold-water corals to colonize carbonates currently affected by hydrocarbon-rich seepage.
Journal Article
ANTONY'S SPEECH IN SHAKESPEARE'S JULIUS CAESAR AND THE ANCIENT SOURCES
The speeches delivered at Caesar’s funeral by Brutus and Antony in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar are both influenced by the Tudor translation of Appian’s historical work. Possibly Shakespeare also echoes Suetonius’s remark about the lack of a formal laudatio when he has Antony say “I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him”. Appian’s influence is further confirmed by the numerous theatrical features in his rendering of Antony’s speech echoed in Shakespeare as well as by lexical correspondences with Appian’s Tudor translation.
Journal Article
LOSING THE PAST: CEZAR'S MOMENT OF TIME IN LAWMAN'S BRUT
[...]though this may be the impression given, Lawman does not precisely use the figures, the plot, and the ideas of authoritative sources as tools with which he constructs his own authority to rewrite the truth of British history. [...]although Cezar embraces human time and makes it his own, the narrative also raises Cezar above his own time and he ends up meaning as much to Lawman's history as a whole as he does in his own part of that history. [...]Cezar achieves unity by one-upmanship - by wisely and forcefully establishing an even greater sense of social equality than Cassibellaunus manages. [...]this social order is cast in terms that anticipate the event that follows Cezar's moment in this world: the birth of Christ.
Journal Article
Artefacts, skulls and written sources: the social ranking of a Celtic family buried at Münsingen-Rain
An examination of the skeletons from the well-known La Tène cemetery of Münsingen-Rain shows that they represent members of a high ranking group, and that they were closely related. These new findings prompt the authors to examine the written documents that refer to nobility in the Roman and Celtic world.
Journal Article
Caesar and Religion
This chapter contains sections titled:
Religious Offices and Actions in Caesar's Career
Caesar and Ruler Cult
Caesar and the Observance of Religious Practices
Religion in Caesar's Own Works
Ancient Sources' Picture of Caesar and Religious Observance
Conclusion
Further Reading
Book Chapter
The senate, Mark Antony, and Caesar's legislative legacy
This paper seeks to dispel the notion that Mark Antony and the Senate indulged in a cat-and-mouse game over the control of Caesar's archives (his commentarii ) in the weeks immediately following the Ides of March. At stake was whether unpublished documents drawn up by Caesar before his death should be ratified and put into force. The belief that the Senate and Antony contended over this issue and that Antony got the upper hand rests primarily on what I hope to show is a misinterpretation of two key passages in the Philippics . Moreover, since the standard interpretation of these two passages appears to be supported by Dio's account of how Antony cajoled the Senate into permitting him a freer hand to review and publish documents found in Caesar's archives, it will be necessary to have a closer look at Dio's probable sources for this particular section of his history.
Journal Article
KING’S DAUGHTER, KING’S SISTER, GREAT ROYAL WIFE
This chapter contains sections titled:
Politics and the Ideology of Kingship
The Presentation of Ptolemaic Kingship
Cleopatra: King's Daughter
Literary Sources: Family Politics
Cleopatra and Her Brothers
The Sibling Gods
Influences on Cleopatra's Early Rule
Dedications from Cleopatra's Early Rule
Problems during Cleopatra's Early Rule
Julius Caesar
When in Rome
Book Chapter
Herculaneum Scrolls
Pliny's letter is the only surviving eyewitness account of the volcanic event that engulfed the Roman town of Herculaneum in waves of gas and rock, permanently suspending its citizens, markets, streets, and homes in place. With support from NEH, Seales and his team of classicists, curators, and linguists are using CT scans paired with virtual unwrapping software and machine-learning tools to see inside the scrolls without damaging them. The open-source software developed by Seales will also be available to other scholars working on damaged manuscripts.
Magazine Article