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"Cages"
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The cage
In the back garden of a quiet country hotel, two men are kept locked in a cage. Two mysterious strangers appear at a hotel in a small country town. There have they come from? Who are they? What catastrophe are they fleeing? The townspeople want answers, but the strangers are unable to speak of their trauma. And before long, wary hospitality shifts to suspicion and fear, and the care of the men slides into appalling cruelty. Lloyd Jones's fable-like novel The Cage is a profound and unsettling novel about humanity and dignity and the ease with which we're able to justify brutality.
Book
Bi-Symmetric Polyhedral Cages with Three, Four, Five or Six Connected Faces and Small Holes
Polyhedral cages (p-cages) are Euclidean geometric structures corresponding to polyhedra with holes. They are a good example of the geometry of some artificial protein cages. In this paper we identify p-cages made out of two families of equivalent polygonal faces, where the face of one family is attached to three other faces while the faces of the other family are attached to three, four, five or six other faces. To restrict ourselves to p-cages with small holes, we consider p-cages where each hole comprises at most four faces. The construction starts from planar graphs made out of two families of equivalent nodes. One can then construct the dual of the solid corresponding to that graph and tile its faces with regular or nearly regular polygons. An energy function is then defined to quantify the amount of irregularity of the p-cages which is then minimised using a simulated annealing algorithm. We have analysed nearly 100,000 possible configurations, ruling out the p-cages made out of faces with deformations exceeding 10%. We then present graphically some of the most interesting geometries.
Journal Article
Open up, please!
Young readers lift the flaps on animal cages to let the animals out, but the animals may regret being set free.
Book
Bi-Symmetric Polyhedral Cages with Maximally Connected Faces and Small Holes
Polyhedral cages (p-cages) describe the geometry of some families of artificial protein cages. We identify the p-cages made out of families of equivalent polygonal faces such that the faces of one family have five neighbors and P1 edges, while those of the other family have six neighbors and P2 edges. We restrict ourselves to polyhedral cages where the holes are adjacent to four faces at most. We characterize all p-cages with a deformation of the faces, compared to regular polygons, not exceeding 10%.
Journal Article
Barely porous organic cages for hydrogen isotope separation
The separation of hydrogen isotopes for applications such as nuclear fusion is a major challenge. Current technologies are energy intensive and inefficient. Nanoporous materials have the potential to separate hydrogen isotopes by kinetic quantum sieving, but high separation selectivity tends to correlate with low adsorption capacity, which can prohibit process scale-up. In this study, we use organic synthesis to modify the internal cavities of cage molecules to produce hybrid materials that are excellent quantum sieves. By combining small-pore and large-pore cages together in a single solid, we produce a material with optimal separation performance that combines an excellent deuterium/hydrogen selectivity (8.0) with a high deuterium uptake (4.7 millimoles per gram).
Journal Article
Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Metal‐Organic Cages – A Perspective
The fields of metal‐organic cages (MOCs) and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are both highly topical and continue to develop at a rapid pace. Despite clear synergies between the two fields, overlap is rarely observed. This article discusses the peculiarities and similarities of MOCs and MOFs in terms of synthetic strategies and approaches to system characterisation. The stability of both classes of material is compared, particularly in relation to their applications in guest storage and catalysis. Lastly, suggestions are made for opportunities for each field to learn and develop in partnership with the other.
Frameworks and cages: Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal‐organic cages (MOCs) can seem outwardly to be both structurally and functionally contrasting entities. Whilst MOFs are polymeric, MOCs are finite, and most researchers focus on study of one or the other. However, there are many similarities. This Review seeks to highlight not only what makes them distinct but also their interconnections and opportunities for new directions.
Journal Article
Near-Miss Symmetric Polyhedral Cages
Following the experimental discovery of several nearly symmetric protein cages, we define the concept of homogeneous symmetric congruent equivalent near-miss polyhedral cages made out of P-gons. We use group theory to parameterize the possible configurations and we minimize the irregularity of the P-gons numerically to construct all such polyhedral cages for P=6 to P=20 with deformation of up to 10%.
Journal Article
A Review of the Hydroelastic Theoretical Models of Floating Porous Nets and Floaters for Offshore Aquaculture
The present review focuses on the theoretical model developments made in floating flexible net fish cages and the floating bodies application to offshore aquaculture. A brief discussion of the essential mathematical equations related to various theoretical models of flexible net cages in the frequency domain is presented. The single and array of floating or submerged flexible net cages connected with or without mooring lines are discussed. Further, as the combined effect of the hydroelastic behaviour of floaters and the flexible behaviour of fish cages are necessary to assess their efficiency and survivability from structural damages, the issues and the knowledge gap between the recent and future models are also discussed. In conclusion, the practical suggestions concerning advancements in future research and directions within floating flexible net cages and the hydroelastic response of elastic floaters are highlighted.
Journal Article
Study on Cage Wear of Railway Traction Motor Bearings Based on Analysis of Rolling Element Motion
Cylindrical roller bearings used in traction motors for railway vehicles are used at high rotational speeds and under light loads. Under these operating conditions, the life due to cage wear is much shorter than the life due to raceway fatigue. Therefore, bearing life can be extended by reducing cage wear. The authors thought that to reduce cage wear, it is necessary to establish a dynamic analysis method for the contact between the roller and the cage, and to identify the wear mode of the cage. If cage wear follows Archard’s equation, then cage wear is proportional to the impulse caused by the contact between the rollers and the cage. Therefore, in this paper, a simple model consisting only of a roller and a cage was constructed, and the impulse was obtained via dynamic analysis. The impulses calculated by the dynamic analysis were in good agreement with those measured. In addition, the experiments showed that cage wear is proportional to the impulse and revealed the wear mode of the cage. These allow the method proposed in this paper to be used to predict cage wear and to determine bearing specifications to reduce cage wear.
Journal Article
Randomly Formed Polyhedral Cages
Polyhedral cages (or p-cages) are a generalisation of the polyhedron surface: they are objects in three-dimensional space consisting of planar polygons attached along shared edges but allowed to have holes and thus edges not shared by two polygons. The main motivation driving the research into the properties of p-cages is the structure of artificial protein cages such as the TRAP cage recently discovered by the Heddle group. Recently, the main activity concerned p-cages with faces being slightly deformed from regular and a certain level of uniformity (geometric or merely combinatorial) among the faces. In the present work, we examine typical randomly formed p-cages without any prescribed symmetries.
Journal Article