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Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a handful diagnostic technology that can identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other common respiratory viruses in one strip, which can be tested at the point-of-care without the need for equipment or skilled personnel outside the laboratory. Although its simplicity and practicality make it an appealing solution, it remains a grand challenge to substantially enhance the colorimetric LFA sensitivity. In this work, we present a straightforward approach to enhance the sensitivity of LFA by imposing the flow constraints in nitrocellulose (NC) membranes via a number of vertical femtosecond laser micromachined microchannels which is important for prolonged specific binding interactions. Porous NC membrane surfaces were structured with different widths and densities µ-channels employing a second harmonic of the Yb:KGW femtosecond laser and sample XYZ translation over a microscope objective-focused laser beam. The influence of the microchannel parameters on the vertical wicking speed was evaluated from the video recordings. The obtained results indicated that µ-channel length, width, and density in NC membranes controllably increased the immunological reaction time between the analyte and the labeled antibody by 950%. Image analysis of the colorimetric indicators confirmed that the flow rate delaying strategy enhanced the signal sensitives by 40% compared with pristine NC LFA.

Biomolecular sensing is routinely implemented in healthcare industries for disease diagnostics. Copper nanoparticles efficiently mimic peroxidase, which is needed for efficient glucose and glutathione sensing. However, bare copper nanoparticles are toxic to humans, therefore, anchoring materials are needed to prevent health hazards. Among the carbon‐based anchoring materials, graphene and its derivatives have already been implemented. However, due to poor C–Cu interaction, copper incorporation is inefficient in those systems, which necessitates the exploration of new suitable anchoring platforms. Nitrogen‐rich carbon nitride C3N6 with edge nitrogen atoms and plenty of in‐built vacancy sites in its lattice, apart from its facile synthesis, low cost, scalable production, and non‐toxic nature; offers excellent candidature for this purpose. Cu‐loaded mC3N6 (Cu‐mC3N6) nanozyme is synthesized employing hard silica template SBA‐15 and aminoguanidine hydrochloride and hydrated copper nitrate. First, peroxidase‐like activity is investigated for Cu‐mC3N6 nanozyme with chromogenic 3,3′,5,5′‐ tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) dye, followed by calorimetric detection of glutathione and glucose. Edge nitrogen active sites in the mC3N6 accommodate higher copper loading, resulting in enhanced peroxidase‐like activity and glutathione biosensing performance with a low detection limit of 0.42 ppm. It is believed that the present research will inspire the development of future‐generation nanozymes. Biomolecular sensing is crucial in diagnosing diseases like diabetes and cancer. Copper nanoparticles mimic peroxidase for detecting glucose and glutathione, but their toxicity poses challenges. To avoid toxicity concerns, the Cu‐loaded mesoporous C3N6 nanozyme is investigated for the first time, which exhibits enhanced peroxidase‐like activity, enabling sensitive, efficient, and non‐toxic detection of glutathione and glucose.

Major methane (CH4) gas sensing technologies for the application in a combustion environment are reviewed with many theoretical and practical aspects, as well as basic installation and operation details. A comprehensive CH4 gas sensing technologies review is supported with the latest development trends. Performance and application options for methane measurements in the process using calorimetric, mixed potential electrochemical CH4 sensor, semiconductor detector and tunable diode (TD) laser and quantum cascade (QC) laser spectroscopy are discussed for the possible application in power generation, chemical production, heating, process control, safety, and quality. Special attention is given to the technology application limits and analyzer's system requirements.

This chapter discusses the various parameters related to thermal analyses, phase change, enthalpy, and specific heat capacity, particularly in the cryogenic (<‐40 °C) and hyperthermic (>40 °C) regimes where water, protein, and lipid phase changes occur. It focuses on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at the microscale. The chapter introduces nanocalorimetry for applications at the cellular, sub‐cellular, and molecular level. Nanocalorimetry is developed generally on a silicon‐based membrane with the ability to work with small sample weight (as low as 10 ng), and large heating rates (~105 °C/min). Currently, they are being developed for four major application areas: high‐throughput calorimetry for the drug industry; protein conformational studies; label free biochemical sensing; and monitoring of cells. Another major application of nanocalorimetry is to study phase transitions such as glass transition and crystallization in polymers, which has important biomedical applications in the future.