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Background Enucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary practice, involving the complete removal of the eye and comprehensive extraction of orbital contents, respectively. These procedures are indicated for pain relief, excision, and management of neoplasia metastases, and addressing severe medically untreatable conditions. Aim This study aimed to develop an orbital enucleation surgical approach. The study evaluated the applicability of the new approach and investigated the impact of the surgical procedure. Methods Anatomical dissection of three cadaveric heads and surgical orbital enucleation in four cadaveric heads were performed. Anatomical data was collected, and feasibility, safety and applicability of the procedure were assessed. Results Anatomical dissection showed a distinctive large orbital fossa, providing a suitable surgical window to access orbital structures. The procedure was found to be feasible, facilitating the complete removal of the orbital content. Notably, the preservation of intact eyelids was prioritized to enhance cosmetic appearance. Conclusion The presented orbital enucleation technique proved to be feasible, safe, reproducible, and required basic surgical skills to perform.

Background Urethral obstruction due to urolithiasis is an uncommon problem reported in dromedary camels. Urethral catheterization is recommended as an emergency preliminary alternative to palliative urethrostomy to preserve valuable animals for breeding purposes. This procedure is not possible in camels due to the narrow diameter of the tortuous urethra, presence of sigmoid flexure and urethral recess and unavailability of specific full-length catheter. Objective To assess the normograde catheterization of the camel urethra through cystotomy incision by using 6-Fr, 70 cm, PVC straight-tip ureteric catheter with a central opening. Methods Fifteen fresh penile specimens were utilized to obtain detailed surgical anatomy of the male urethra and to evaluate the normograde passage of a 6-Fr, 70 cm, PVC straight-tip ureteric catheter with a central opening, followed by X-ray imaging and casting of the urethra. The feasibility of the catheterization process was assessed. The urethral cast was employed to imprint the internal diameter of the urethra and identify potential sites for calculi lodgment. Samples from potential areas were examined to reveal any histopathological relevance. Results The normograde passage of the rigid ureteral catheter was feasible and encompassed the entire urethra, as confirmed by X-ray imaging. The urethral cast revealed a remarkably narrow diameter (2 mm) of the penile urethra. The preputial portion of the urethra emerges as a potential site for calculi lodgment, attributed to its small diameter and the thin layer of urethralis and bulbospongiosus muscle responsible for urine expulsion. Conclusion The normograde catheterization of the camel urethra with rigid ureteral catheter is feasible and may be a valuable preliminary intervention for calculi removal before surgical urethrotomy or urethrostomy.

Background Sternal recumbent procedures in camels using a balanced combination of sedatives and analgesics are gaining increasing clinical importance. Ultrasound-guided peribulbar nerve block (UG-PB) has been previously described in dogs, horses, and humans for facial and ocular surgeries, offering a lower risk of complications than the ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve block (UG-RB). However, its application to dromedary camels remains unexplored. Objective To describe and evaluate a novel supraorbital UG-PB technique in camel cadavers and compare its injection site accuracy with that of transpalpebral UG-RB using computed tomography (CT) imaging. Methods Twelve fresh cadaveric camel heads were used. The supraorbital UG‒PB technique was performed in the right orbit, whereas the UG-RB technique was applied in the left orbit of each cadaver head. The placement and spread of the contrast medium were confirmed via CT imaging. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the success rates of each technique in achieving an accurate injection site placement. Results Compared with UG-RB (9/12), the UG-PB technique achieved 100% accuracy (12/12) for contrast medium placement. Three UG-RB injections resulted in extraconal contrast placement. Operator assessment indicated enhanced feasibility and clarity of anatomical visualization using the UG-PB approach. Conclusions Compared with UG-RB, the UG-PB technique demonstrated superior accuracy in injection site placement. Its feasibility, precision, and potential safety advantages suggest its clinical applicability in ophthalmic procedures in camels. Further clinical studies are required to validate the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of this technique.

Medicine and Surgery of Camelids is the classic comprehensive reference on llamas, alpacas, vicunas, guanacos, and camels. With information on topics ranging from nutrition and management to infectious diseases and emergency care, this book provides information on the health and maintenance of these species. Updates to the Third Edition include new information on camels; full color throughout; significant revisions to the parentage verification, infectious diseases, anesthesia, restraint, and nutrition sections; and additional information on the alpaca genome. This is an essential resource for practicing veterinarians, zoo veterinarians, and veterinary students.

A 2-mo-old, 90-kg, intact male camel (Camelus dromedarius) was admitted for surgical removal of a supernumerary digit associated with the medial aspect of the right carpus and metacarpus. Radiographic views of the carpus and metacarpus revealed the supernumerary digit articulating with the middle carpal joint via an extra carpal bone. The supernumerary digit consisted of three bones. Surgical removal of the supernumerary digit was recommended to restore normal limb conformation, limit the possibility of future lameness, and improve the cosmetic appearance of the limb. Complete surgical removal of the digit was performed by disarticulating the extra carpal bone from its attachments to the second and radial carpal bones. One year after surgery, the leg appeared grossly normal and the camel showed no sign of lameness.

In this study, the pain-relieving and calming effects of giving romifidine and xylazine through an epidural in camels were compared. Twenty-one adult camels (9 non-pregnant females and 12 intact males) weighing between 400–450 kg were randomly divided into three equal groups. Each group received one of the following treatments: an equal volume of sterile saline, 0.17 mg/kg of xylazine, or 50 g/kg of romifidine. All of the treatments were put directly into the sacrococcygeal space after being diluted in 0.9% sterile saline solution until the final volume was 20 ml. Before treatment and then at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after administration, the perineal analgesia, sedation, and degree of ataxia were evaluated. At these same times, rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), and respiration rate (RR) were simultaneously measured. Epidural administration of romifidine and xylazine resulted in varying degrees of sedation, ranging from mild to deep, alongside complete antinociception affecting the perineum, inguinal area, and flank. This effect extended distally to the coronary band of the hind limbs and cranially to the thoracic region. After romifidine, analgesia started more quickly than with xylazine (6 ± 1.05 vs. 14.17 ± 0.83). The duration of both antinociceptive for romifidine was substantially longer than that of xylazine (159 ± 6.38 vs. 63.33 ± 2.47). The onset time of sedation was substantially shorter after romifidine (6.8 ± 0.83 min) compared to xylazine (10.8 ± 0.83 min). Romifidine's sedative effect lasted longer than xylazine's (149.17 ± 4.16 vs. 108.33 ± 1.05 min). At every study measurement point, the romifidine and xylazine-treated groups showed negligible RT, HR, and RR changes.  Conclusion: Romifidine or xylazine may be a reliable, durable, and economical method for epidural anesthesia in camels undergoing standing surgery, as romifidine has a faster onset and longer antinociceptive effect. Therefore, epidural romifidine could be a more effective treatment option for immediate postoperative pain.

Enucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary field. Enucleation in camels is like other large animals, typically performed under the influence of heavy sedation and loco-regional analgesia. The aim of the current study was to introduce a new surgical approach to enucleate the eye of camels through supraorbital fossa approach. for that purpose, the technique was applied to seven camels referred to the King-fisal teaching veterinary hospital for unilateral enucleation. Assessment of applicability, safety and feasibility of this technique was done. All procedures were performed in the kush (sitting) position under the influence of heavy sedation with Xylazine HCl in combination with retrobulbar nerve block. A \"C\" shaped skin incision was made in the skin and fascia of the supraorbital fossa to enter the orbital cavity, after which the periorbital fat was gripped, dissected and removed. Bleeding controlled by electrocautery and visible large blood vessels were ligated. After ligation the optic nerve and ophthalmic blood vessels, the eyeball was dissected sharply and freed from the orbital bony attachment. Finally, the orbital fascia and skin were sutured with simple interrupted pattern separately. The approach proved successful in all camels, with the enucleation procedure being both feasible and easily performed. The mean surgical time was approximately 46.6±12.4 minutes. The minimal occurrence of short and long-term complications was encouraging, and the cosmetic outcomes were notably improved. The supraorbital approach is a safe and effective technique for camel ophthalmic surgery, showing advantages in exposure and minimal complications. Further research is needed for validation and broader clinical applications.

This study was carried out in Saudi Arabia during the events of the 4th King Abdulaziz Camel Festival, Saudi Arabia. It was designed to describe the most frequent locations of injected cosmetic fillers in the head region as well as the ultrasound features of the injected material. Apparently healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius) (n = 11,626) were thoroughly examined for injection of cosmetic fillers in the head region. In parallel, 30 non-injected camels were used as controls. The lips of camels suspected of having been injected with fillers were subjected to high-resolution ultrasound examination. Of the 11,626 camels, 58 were found to have been injected with cosmetic fillers, 45 in the upper lip and 13 in both the upper and lower lip. None of the injected camels had a history of recent illness. In addition, in all the injected camels, no dermal lip lesions were seen by the naked eye. Swelling of the upper and/or lower lips was visually inspected and palpated by hand in 52 of the camels. Drooping and swinging of the injected lips were observed in all injected camels. Hardness was detected in the tip of the upper lips of 26 of the injected camels and multiple hard nodules were palpated in the injected lips of 44 camels. Swelling of the edges of the upper and lower lips was detected in 41 of the injected camels. Ultrasonographic features of the injected lips are described in detail. Blood samples were collected from both groups. In none of the injected camels did the hemato-biochemical profiles differ significantly than the control group. In conclusion, results clearly indicate the usefulness and convenience of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool to locate the presence of injected fillers and to help monitor the extension and complications of the deposits.

The aim of this study was to introduce a novel intraoral technique for performing mandibular nerve blocks in dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius ). In this study, 18 adult camel skulls of varying ages and breeds were examined to determine the position of the mandibular foramen. Using a Vernier caliper, three dimensions in millimeters were measured: (1) the distance between the mandibular foramen (MF) and the caudal edge of the third molar tooth at the occlusal surface level, (2) the distance between the MF and the rostral edge border of the mandible’s ramus (RER) at the occlusal surface level, and (3) the distance between the MF and the ventral margin border of the mandible (VM). The technique was evaluated using five intact camel cadaver heads ( n  = 5), and a total of ten mandibular nerve blocks were described. An 18-gauge 80-mm Tuohy needle was inserted into the mouth commissure and advanced caudally while injecting a saline-methylene blue solution. The accuracy of the injection was confirmed through the infiltration of the contrast dye into the target area using computed tomography (CT) and post procedural dissection. Anatomical study of the mandibular nerve site was performed to aid the blind insertion of the needle. The findings contribute to the development of veterinary anesthesia techniques and provide anatomical considerations for clinicians performing oral surgeries in sedated camels. The results demonstrated the successful implementation of the intraoral technique, highlighting its efficacy and reliability in achieving local anesthesia for oral surgeries involving the lower jaw and teeth in sedated camels. Further research studies are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of the technique and to compare it with existing approaches.