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"Canidae Identification."
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Canids of the world : wolves, wild dogs, foxes, jackals, coyotes, and their relatives
This stunningly illustrated and easy-to-use field guide covers every species of the world's canids, from the Gray Wolf of North America to the dholes of Asia, from African jackals to the South American Bush Dog. It features more than 150 superb color plates depicting every kind of canid, and detailed facing-page species accounts that describe key indentification features, morphology, distribution, and subspeciation, habitat, and conservation status in the wild. The book also includes distribution maps and tips on where to observe each species, making Canids of the World the most comprehensive and user-friendly guide to these intruiging and spectacular mammals. -- Back cover.
Book
A worldwide perspective on large carnivore attacks on humans
VP was financially supported by the Project PID2020-114181GB-I00 financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Agencia Estatal de Investigacioón (AEI), and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, EU).
Journal Article
Morphological and molecular identification of Toxocara isolated from road-killed golden jackals in Northern Iran
Background
Toxocariasis is caused by infection with
Toxocara canis
and
Toxocara cati
, common nematodes of canids and felids, respectively. Humans become infected after the accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs of
Toxocara
from the soil or the consumption of raw and undercooked meat containing
Toxocara
larvae. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify ascarid nematodes isolated from jackals in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces, based on morphological and molecular approaches.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 41 road-killed golden jackals collected from Guilan and Mazandaran provinces in northern Iran. At first, species identification was carried out based on morphological characterization. Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates of
Toxocara
collected from jackals. PCR-RFLP of Ribosomal DNA regions (ITS) using
Rsa
I endonuclease enzyme and PCR-sequencing were carried out to identify
Toxocara
species. The sequence data were aligned using Bioedit software and compared with published sequences in GenBank using the BLAST system. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 5.0 software.
Results
Eleven out of 41 road-killed golden jackals (26.8%) were infected with
Toxocara
nematodes. All the isolates were confirmed as
T. canis
based on morphological and molecular methods. A pairwise comparison of the sequences did not show any differences in nucleotide sequences within
T. canis
isolates, and the sequences were identical and exhibited 100% homology.
Conclusions
Considering the almost high prevalence of
T. canis
in golden jackals and its critical role in human toxocariasis, the identification of parasite species by molecular methods can be used to plan prevention and control programs in human and animal communities. Since, the ITS sequences of
T. canis
isolated from jackals in Iran were utterly similar to the ITS sequences of
T. canis
isolated from other hosts from different areas of the world, it is hypothesized that the type of host and geographical region do not affect the genetic diversity of the ITS region sequences of
T. canis
.
Journal Article
Early Paleoindian use of canids, felids, and hares for bone needle production at the La Prele site, Wyoming, USA
We report the first identifications of species and element used to produce Paleolithic bone needles. Archaeologists have used the tailored, fur-fringed garments of high latitude foragers as modern analogs for the clothes of Paleolithic foragers, arguing that the appearance of bone needles and fur bearer remains in archaeological sites c. 40,000 BP is indirect evidence for the advent of tailored garments at this time. These garments partially enabled modern human dispersal to northern latitudes and eventually enabled colonization of the Americas ca. 14,500 BP. Despite the importance of bone needles to explaining global modern human dispersal, archaeologists have never identified the materials used to produce them, thus limiting understanding of this important cultural innovation. We use Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) and Micro-CT scanning to establish that bone needles at the ca. 12,900 BP La Prele site (Wyoming, USA) were produced from the bones of canids, felids, and hares. We propose that these bones were used by the Early Paleoindian foragers at La Prele because they were scaled correctly for bone needle production and readily available within the campsite, having remained affixed to pelts sewn into complex garments. Combined with a review of comparable evidence from other North American Paleoindian sites, our results suggest that North American Early Paleoindians had direct access to fur-bearing predators, likely from trapping, and represent some of the most detailed evidence yet discovered for Paleoindian garments.
Journal Article
Disentangling Timing of Admixture, Patterns of Introgression, and Phenotypic Indicators in a Hybridizing Wolf Population
Hybridization is a natural or anthropogenic process that can deeply affect the genetic make-up of populations, possibly decreasing individual fitness but sometimes favoring local adaptations. The population of Italian wolves (Canis lupus), after protracted demographic declines and isolation, is currently expanding in anthropic areas, with documented cases of hybridization with stray domestic dogs. However, identifying admixture patterns in deeply introgressed populations is far from trivial. In this study, we used a panel of 170,000 SNPs analyzed with multivariate, Bayesian and local ancestry reconstruction methods to identify hybrids, estimate their ancestry proportions and timing since admixture. Moreover, we carried out preliminary genotype–phenotype association analyses to identify the genetic bases of three phenotypic traits (black coat, white claws, and spur on the hind legs) putative indicators of hybridization. Results showed no sharp subdivisions between nonadmixed wolves and hybrids, indicating that recurrent hybridization and deep introgression might have started mostly at the beginning of the population reexpansion. In hybrids, we identified a number of genomic regions with excess of ancestry in one of the parental populations, and regions with excess or resistance to introgression compared with neutral expectations. The three morphological traits showed significant genotype–phenotype associations, with a single genomic region for black coats and white claws, and with multiple genomic regions for the spur. In all cases the associated haplotypes were likely derived from dogs. In conclusion, we show that the use of multiple genome-wide ancestry reconstructions allows clarifying the admixture dynamics even in highly introgressed populations, and supports their conservation management.
Journal Article
Reliable wolf-dog hybrid detection in Europe using a reduced SNP panel developed for non-invasively collected samples
Background
Understanding the processes that lead to hybridization of wolves and dogs is of scientific and management importance, particularly over large geographical scales, as wolves can disperse great distances. However, a method to efficiently detect hybrids in routine wolf monitoring is lacking. Microsatellites offer only limited resolution due to the low number of markers showing distinctive allele frequencies between wolves and dogs. Moreover, calibration across laboratories is time-consuming and costly. In this study, we selected a panel of 96 ancestry informative markers for wolves and dogs, derived from the Illumina CanineHD Whole-Genome BeadChip (174 K). We designed very short amplicons for genotyping on a microfluidic array, thus making the method suitable also for non-invasively collected samples.
Results
Genotypes based on 93 SNPs from wolves sampled throughout Europe, purebred and non-pedigree dogs, and suspected hybrids showed that the new panel accurately identifies parental individuals, first-generation hybrids and first-generation backcrosses to wolves, while second- and third-generation backcrosses to wolves were identified as advanced hybrids in almost all cases. Our results support the hybrid identity of suspect individuals and the non-hybrid status of individuals regarded as wolves. We also show the adequacy of these markers to assess hybridization at a European-wide scale and the importance of including samples from reference populations.
Conclusions
We showed that the proposed SNP panel is an efficient tool for detecting hybrids up to the third-generation backcrosses to wolves across Europe. Notably, the proposed genotyping method is suitable for a variety of samples, including non-invasive and museum samples, making this panel useful for wolf-dog hybrid assessments and wolf monitoring at both continental and different temporal scales.
Journal Article
Hepatozoon (Eucoccidiorida: Hepatozoidae) in wild mammals of the Americas: a systematic review
Background
The study of parasites provides insight into intricate ecological relationships in ecosystem dynamics, food web structures, and evolution on multiple scales.
Hepatozoon
(Eucoccidiorida: Hepatozoidae) is a genus of protozoan hemoparasites with heteroxenous life cycles that switch infections between vertebrates and blood-feeding invertebrates. The most comprehensive review of the genus was published 26 years ago, and currently there are no harmonized data on the epizootiology, diagnostics, genotyping methods, evolutionary relationships, and genetic diversity of
Hepatozoon
in the Americas.
Methods
Here, we provide a comprehensive review based on the PRISMA method regarding
Hepatozoon
in wild mammals within the American continent, in order to generate a framework for future research.
Results
11 out of the 35 countries of the Americas (31.4%) had data on
Hepatozoon
, with Carnivora and Rodentia orders having the most characterizations. Bats, ungulates, and shrews were the least affected groups. While
Hepatozoon americanum
,
H. americanum
-like,
H. canis
,
H. didelphydis
,
H. felis
,
H. milleri
,
H. griseisciuri
, and
H. procyonis
correspond to the identified species, a plethora of genospecies is pending for a formal description combining morphology and genetics. Most of the vectors of
Hepatozoon
in the Americas are unknown, but some flea, mite, and tick species have been confirmed. The detection of
Hepatozoon
has relied mostly on conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the implementation of specific real time PCR for the genus needs to be employed to improve its diagnosis in wild animals in the future. From a genetic perspective, the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene has been widely sequenced for the identification of
Hepatozoon
in wild animals. However, mitochondrial and apicoplast markers should also be targeted to truly determine different species in the genus. A phylogenetic analysis of herein retrieved 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences showed two main clades of
Hepatozoon
: Clade I associated with small mammals, birds, and herpetozoa, and Clade II associated with Carnivora. The topology of the tree is also reflected in the haplotype network.
Conclusions
Finally, our review emphasizes
Hepatozoon
as a potential disease agent in threatened wild mammals and the role of wild canids as spreaders of
Hepatozoon
infections in the Americas.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Diversity of Hepatozoon species in wild mammals and ticks in Europe
Background
Hepatozoon
spp. are tick-borne parasites causing subclinical to clinical disease in wild and domestic animals. Aim of this study was to determine
Hepatozoon
prevalence and species distribution among wild mammals and ticks in Europe.
Methods
Samples of wild mammals and ticks, originating from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Belgium and the Netherlands, were tested with PCR to amplify a ~ 670-bp fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.
Results
Of the 2801 mammal samples that were used for this study, 370 (13.2%) tested positive.
Hepatozoon
canis
was detected in samples of 178 animals (3 Artiodactyla, 173 Carnivora, 1 Eulipotyphia, 1 Lagomorpha),
H.
martis
in 125 (3 Artiodactyla, 122 Carnivora),
H.
sciuri
in 13 (all Rodentia),
Hepatozoon
sp. in 47 (among which
Hepatozoon
sp. Vole isolate, all Rodentia) and
H.
ayorgbor
in 4 (all Rodentia). Regarding origin, 2.9% (6/208) tested positive from Austria, 2.8% (1/36) from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 14.6% (173/1186) from Croatia and 13.9% (190/1371) from Belgium/the Netherlands. Of the 754 ticks collected, 0.0% (0/35)
Hyalomma
sp., 16.0% (4/25)
Dermacentor
spp., 0.0% (0/23)
Haemaphysalis
spp., 5.3% (24/50)
Ixodes
and 1.4% (3/221)
Rhipicephalus
spp. tested positive for
Hepatozoon
(4.2%; 32/754), most often
H.
canis
(
n
= 22).
Conclusions
Hepatozoon
canis
is most present in mammals (especially in Carnivora such as gray wolves and golden jackals) and ticks, followed by
H.
martis
, which was found merely in stone martens and pine martens. None of the rodent-associated
Hepatozoon
spp. were detected in the ticks, suggesting the possible implication of other arthropod species or non-vectorial routes in the transmission cycle of the hemoprotozoans in rodents. Our findings of
H.
canis
in ticks other than
R.
sanguineus
add to the observation that other ticks are also involved in the life cycle of
Hepatozoon
. Now that presence of
Hepatozoon
has been demonstrated in red foxes, gray wolves, mustelids and rodents from the Netherlands and/or Belgium, veterinary clinicians should be aware of the possibility of spill-over to domestic animals, such as dogs.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
On taming the effect of transcript level intra-condition count variation during differential expression analysis: A story of dogs, foxes and wolves
The evolution of RNA-seq technologies has yielded datasets of scientific value that are often generated as condition associated biological replicates within expression studies. With expanding data archives opportunity arises to augment replicate numbers when conditions of interest overlap. Despite correction procedures for estimating transcript abundance, a source of ambiguity is transcript level intra-condition count variation; as indicated by disjointed results between analysis tools. We present TVscript, a tool that removes reference-based transcripts associated with intra-condition count variation above specified thresholds and we explore the effects of such variation on differential expression analysis. Initially iterative differential expression analysis involving simulated counts, where levels of intra-condition variation and sets of over represented transcripts are explicitly specified, was performed. Then counts derived from inter- and intra-study data representing brain samples of dogs, wolves and foxes (wolves vs . dogs and aggressive vs . tame foxes) were used. For simulations, the sensitivity in detecting differentially expressed transcripts increased after removing hyper-variable transcripts, although at levels of intra-condition variation above 5% detection became unreliable. For real data, prior to applying TVscript, ≈20% of the transcripts identified as being differentially expressed were associated with high levels of intra-condition variation, an over representation relative to the reference set. As transcripts harbouring such variation were removed pre-analysis, a discordance from 26 to 40% in the lists of differentially expressed transcripts is observed when compared to those obtained using the non-filtered reference. The removal of transcripts possessing intra-condition variation values within (and above) the 97 th and 95 th percentiles, for wolves vs . dogs and aggressive vs . tame foxes, maximized the sensitivity in detecting differentially expressed transcripts as a result of alterations within gene-wise dispersion estimates. Through analysis of our real data the support for seven genes with potential for being involved with selection for tameness is provided. TVscript is available at: https://sourceforge.net/projects/tvscript/ .
Journal Article
The first report on Hepatozoon canis in dogs and wolves in Poland: clinical and epidemiological features
Background Canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon canis is a common infection in dogs, with frequent case reports from the Mediterranean region and more recently from several Central European countries, such as Hungary and Germany. Despite the high prevalence of H. canis in red foxes, no infections have been reported to date in dogs in Poland. We describe here the first autochthonous cases of H. canis infection in dogs, including their clinical features, and report the prevalence of H. canis in grey wolves from different regions of Poland. Methods Thin smears prepared from blood samples collected from dogs were evaluated by microscopic examination. A total of 60 wolves and 47 dogs were tested. Infections were confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Results Gamonts of H. canis were found in > 50% of the neutrophils of two dogs and in < 10% of the neutrophils in another five dogs. Molecular typing by PCR sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene fragment confirmed infections in 11 dogs from different regions of Poland, in 2.7% of dogs attending veterinary practices in central Poland and in 35% of wolves from various geographical regions of Poland. Clinical features manifested mostly in older dogs, and the most common signs were anaemia and apathy. Young dogs usually remained asymptomatic. Conclusions This is the first report of H. canis infection in dogs and wolves in Poland. Although the exact vector of the parasite is not known, veterinary practitioners should be aware of this new parasitosis and should consider appropriate diagnostics to confirm/exclude this infection. Further studies are needed to understand the transmission routes of H. canis in domestic and wild canids in Poland.
Journal Article