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Thailand has adopted the concept of eco-tourism as a protocol to protect environmental resources. One of the key factors in enabling the achievement of this goal is the improvement of the quality of effluent from those homestays and resorts which still lack efficient on-site wastewater treatment. This research utilized case studies of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs), planted mainly with the Indian shot (Canna indica L.), which were designed to treat wastewaters at three resorts located in Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province in central Thailand. The results showed that the treated effluent was of sufficient quality to meet the building effluent standards Type C, which require the concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and suspended solids (SS) to be less than 40, 40 and 50 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the first-order kinetic constants for the design and operation of SFCWs were determined. For treating wastewater containing organic substances, with no prior pre-treatment, the first-order kinetic constant of 0.24 1/d can be applied to predict effluent quality. For treating other types of domestic wastewater, a first-order kinetic constant in the range 0.40–0.45 1/d can be used when sizing and operating SFCWs. This research highlights the great potential of SFCWs as a sustainable wastewater management technology.

The aquatic plant, Canna indica L. (Indian shoot) of Cannaceae family was investigated to assess cadmium scavenging potential at 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg Cd L−1 exposers. The results showed that Canna has considerable potential of cadmium accumulation, which was up to 58.69 and 10.13 mg Cd kg−1 dry weight in root and shoot of Canna, respectively. The effects of different cadmium levels on biomass production of plant tissues were significantly (p = 0.05) showed negative relation due to cadmium toxicity. The root concentration factor was higher than the bioconcentration factor which indicated the lower translocation factor of Canna. Considering the high root concentration factor, average bioconcentration factor, rapid growth and optimum adaptive properties up to 100 mg Cd L−1 level, the Canna could be employed as an eco-friendly and efficient aquatic plant for cadmium scavenging. This study plays a potential role in remediation of cadmium contaminated wastewater.

تم في هذه الدراسة تنفيذ ثلاثة منظومات متماثلة التصميم للأراضي الرطبة المشيدة - و خلية الوقود الحيوي نوع النبات المستخدم، بهدف معالجة المياه الناتجة من عمليات تكرير النفط و إنتاج طاقة بيولوجية في آن واحد. تم زرع المنظومة الأولى بنبات القنب الهندي، و الثانية بالقصب العادي، و الثالثة بدون نبات و يعتبر كنظام مرجعي. تم تشغيل المنظومات الثلاث بنفس الوقت على النظام الدفقي و بدورتين، لغرض تقييم تأثير مياه تكرير النفط المعالجة بيولوجيا على تطوير و نمو النبات المزروع داخل انظمة المعالجة مع أمكانية إنتاج الطاقة في آن واحد. استمرت فترة التشغيل لكل دورة ثمانية أيام. أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أن أعظم كفاءة إزالة للمحتوى العضوي و المتمثل بطلب الأوكسجين الكيميائي كانت 98.75% ، 97.67% ، و 95.83% للأنظمة MFC-CW1، CW2 MFC-، و MFC-CW3على التوالي. في حين أن أعظم كثافة طاقة ناتجة كانت 19.86، 19.04، و 18.7 ملي و اط / متر مربع للأنظمة MFC-CW1، CW2 MFC-، و MFC-CW3على التوالي، مما يدل على تقارب أداء المنظومات من حيث الكفاءة و توليد الطاقة. أما من حيث نمو النبات، فقد أشارت معدلات النمو النسبي RGR)) لكلا النوعين من النباتات المختارة الى أن نمو البراعم كان بشكل طبيعي طول فترة الدراسة مما يثبت أن آلية التحلل البيولوجي على قطب الأنود داخل خلية الوقود البيولوجية هي الآلية المسيطرة بعملية إزالة الملوثات العضوية بدلا من إزالتها بمساعدة النبات. Three identically designed microbial fuel cell-constructed wetland (MFC-CW) systems were constructed and setup in this study for simultaneous biotreatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) and bioelectricity generation. MFC-CW1 and MFC-CW2 were planted with Canna indica, and Phragmites australis, respectively. MFC-CW3 was unplanted and considered as the control. These three systems were operated simultaneously in a batch mode for two cycles to evaluate the effect of PRW biotreatment on the growth and development of the selected plants and the potential of generated bioelectricity as well. The operation period for each cycle was 8 days. Results demonstrated that maximum removal efficiency of the organic content represented as chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 98.75% , 97.67% , and 97.83% observed in MFC-CW1, MFC-CW2, and MFC-CW3, respectively, whereby, the highest power generation were 19.86, 19.04, and 18.7 mW/m2, respectively. On the other hand, both types of plants exhibited notable growth and new sprouts appearance. The potential convergence of the results in the three MFC-CWs, and the healthy growth of both types of plants clearly and potentially indicated that the dominant mechanism of organic pollutant removal was via biodegradation process by the anodic biofilm in the MFC rather than being removed by phytoremediation process.

In this paper, Canna indica was pyrolyzed to produce the original biochar (BC) and modified by HNO3 and KOH (HBC and KBC). The adsorption kinetics and isotherm for ofloxacin (OFLX) removal by three biochars were studied, and the effects of pH value and dosage on the adsorption effect were also investigated. The results showed that the quasi-second-order kinetic model could describe the OFLX adsorption processes by BC, HBC and KBC, which was mainly chemical adsorption. The adsorption isotherms of three biochars were consistent with the Freundlich model. The adsorption by BC was greatly affected by pH change, and its adsorption capacity decreased with the increasing of pH, while the HBC and KBC were not sensitivity. With the increase of biochars dosage, the adsorption capacity of OFLX for the three kinds of biochar presented a trend of increasing first and then gradually stabilizing.

Measuring specific ion fluxes from different regions of the root under practical physiological conditions is crucial for understanding metal uptake mechanisms by plants. We developed and tested a neutral carrier-based liquid-membrane Pb super(2+) and Cu super(2+) ion selective microelectrode (ISME) to investigate ion-transport processes along the roots of three common wetland plant species. The Pb super(2+) and Cu super(2+) ISME exhibited a Nernstian response with Pb super(2+) and Cu super(2+) activities as low as 1.0 nM and 1.0 mu M in deionized water and simulated soil solution, respectively. Phragmites australis had a region of Cu super(2+) release for approximately the first 200 mu m, while it exhibited Pb super(2+) and Cd super(2+) outward net flux up to the first 500 mu m. Although in older sections of the root of Phragmites australis there were areas of influx of Cu super(2+), Pb super(2+) and Cd super(2+), the overall influx was much smaller than that of Typha latifolia or Canna indica. Such a reduced uptake and/or an increased efflux of metal ions across the root-cell plasma-membrane might explain the higher resistance of Phragmites australis to metals, at least in part. The Pb super(2+) and Cu super(2+) ISMEs are shown to permit detailed investigation of heavy-metal ion transport in plant roots, especially for plants used for phytoremediation.

A novel 10 kDa protein with anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activity was isolated from leaves of Canna indica L. using a combination of native-PAGE and ammonium sulfate precipitation. HIV-1 and RT inhibitory activity was measured using a syncytium forming (deltaTat/Rev) MC99 virus in Tat/Rev transfected 1A2 cell line and ELISA technique, respectively. Edman N-terminal and internal amino acid sequence (using LC-MS-MS) determination revealed the 10 kDa Canna indica L. leaf protein as a putative plastocyanin. This is the first report of a plant plastocyanin with HIV-1 RT inhibitory property.

Aim In agricultural basins, riparian buffers maintained along stream channels reduce nitrogen (N) concentrations in agricultural runoff, thereby improving water quality. Investigating the role of riparian vegetation in the related processes will provide insights into the mechanisms by which riparian zones retain soil N. Methods In our study, the proportion of plant N uptake, fine root (diameter < 1mm) biomass and fine root morphology at five soil depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60, and 60-75 cm) for Acorus calamus , Canna indica and Phragmites communis were measured in Taihu Lake Basin. Results The soil layer from which the majority of N was absorbed was 0-15 cm (50.8±1.0, 56.0±1.4 and 37.5±3.2% for A. calamus , C. indica, and P. communis , respectively). The N uptake from 45 to 75 cm for P. communis (21.2±2.2%) was significantly higher than A. calamus (14.9±0.7%) and C. indica (9.2±1.5%) ( P < 0.05). Our results showed that N uptake was directly proportional to root morphological characteristics such as specific root surface area (SRA, P < 0.05) and specific root length (SRL, P < 0.01), but the relationships varied among species. Changes in environmental factors caused by soil depth strongly influenced some of the root morphological indicators (e.g., fine root biomass, mean diameter (D)). Conclusions Soil environmental factors and plant root morphology jointly influenced plant N uptake. During vegetation selections of the riparian restoration projects, plants with high SRL or SRA should be given priority due to their expected high capacity in N uptake. But cautions need to be taken as the positive relationships between SRL and SRA and plant N uptake may vary between plant species. Optimal selection of diverse species with complementary nutrient uptake strategies could maximize N uptake at various soil depths and overall N removal from agricultural runoff.

This article reviews investigations in which Canna indica was utilized in constructed wetlands (CW) for wastewater treatment of a variety types. It is strongly urged that ornamental flowering plants be used in CWs as monoculture or mixed species to improve the appearance of CWs whilst still treating wastewater. Plants play important roles in CWs by giving the conditions for physical filtration of wastewater, a large specific surface area for microbial growth, and a source of carbohydrates for bacteria. They absorb nutrients and integrate them into plant tissues. They release oxygen into the substrate, establishing a zone in which aerobic microorganisms can thrive and chemical oxidation can occur. They also provide wildlife habitat and make wastewater treatment system more visually attractive. The selection of plant species for CW is an important aspect during the CW design process. Canna indica’s effectiveness in CWs has shown encouraging results for eliminating contaminants from wastewater. There is still a scarcity of information on the mechanisms involved in removal of specific contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, pesticides and steroids and their potential toxicity to the plants. Therefore, this paper reviews some published information about the performance of Canna indica in wastewater treatment, as well as potential areas for future research.

The phytoremediation of triazophos (O, O-diethyl-O-(1-phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-base) sulfur phosphate, TAP) by Canna indica Linn. in a hydroponic system was studied. After 21 d of exposure, the removal kinetic constant (K) of TAP was 0.0229-0.0339 d −1 and the removal percentage of TAP was 41-55% in the plant system and the K and removal percentage of TAP were about 0.002 d −1 and 1%, respectively, in darkness and disinfected control. However, the K and removal percentage of TAP were 0.006 d −1 and approximately 11%, respectively, in the treatment with eluate from the media of constructed wetland. The contribution of plant to the remediation of TAP was 74% and C. indica played the most important role in the hydroponic system. Under the stress of TAP and without inorganic phosphorus nutrient, the activity of phosphatase in the plant system increased and phytodegradation was observed. The production and release of phosphatase is seen as the key mechanism for C. indica to degrade TAP. C. indica, which showed the potential of phytoremediation of TAP, and is commonly used in constructed wetland, so the technique of phytoremediation of TAP from contaminated water can be developed with the combination of constructed wetland.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are important plant filters used for wastewater treatment. The behavior of the Canna indica-planted CWs in the face of a highly variable composition of industrial wastewater has yet to be understood. Here, we show the effectiveness of Canna indica-planted and unplanted vertical subsurface flow CWs for the treatment of Algiers petroleum refinery’s effluent. The selected species was placed in the CWs containing light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and sand as a substrate. The findings indicate that the planted constructed wetlands efficiently removed 85% of total suspended solids (TSS), 96.38% of total nitrogen (TN), 96.15% of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), 99.15% of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and 99.87% of nitrite nitrogen (NO2−-N). The overall mean removal efficiencies for heavy metals in the vegetated CWs were considerably greater than those of the control. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Al, Ni, and Cd were calculated in the roots, rhizomes, leaves, and stems of the plant; then, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF) were determined. An initial examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX) was also included in the study. The analysis indicated that toxic elements were adsorbed on plant tissues, concentrated in the roots, and partially transported to the aerial parts. These results are useful for the design of CWs to treat industrial wastewater, enabling water of acceptable quality to be discharged into the environment, especially as a low maintenance and cost-effective technology in developing countries.