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International movements of scientists and researchers have become more common in the increasingly interconnected global knowledge economy. Geographic mobility is often perceived as a key to academic excellence and career advancement by scholars, especially in advanced economies. In China, where international geographical mobility is a newly-gained privilege after the advent of the Open Door Policy, academics belong to one of the most mobile subsets of the population. This paper interrogates the impact of academic mobility at the individual level among Chinese scholars who have conducted research visits in Germany. Specifically, the paper operationalises the equivocal notion of personal development with the concepts of capital accumulation and conversion (after Pierre Bourdieu). Drawing upon findings from 64 in-depth interviews with Chinese scholars of postdoctoral level or above and six key informants, and a postal survey (123 Chinese scholars with mobility biography to Germany), this paper illustrates how geographical mobility can be conceptualised as a form of capital that can be accumulated and converted to cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital. While geographical mobility is predominantly considered as a capital for positive self- and professional development, examples also demonstrate the potential detrimental effect on social capital, especially among young Chinese scholars. Using an agent-centred approach, this paper argues against a mechanical translation of geographical mobility to capital accumulation, but for a grounded understanding of the highly individualised and contextualised development processes.

We develop an economic model to derive the conditions under which individuals will invest in human capital and move on to adopt sustainable technology instead of natural resource-intensive technology. For this purpose, we extend the overlapping generation model developed by Ikefuji & Horii as our analytical framework. Unlike Ikefuji & Horii who developed an overlapping generation model (OLG) in the context of local pollution, the authors adopted it in the context of renewable natural resources. To do this, we have introduced the production sector that relies on natural resource-intensive technology. This research extends beyond the Ikefuji & Horii model by assuming that an individual derives utility by investing in his child’s education apart from utility derived from consumption when young and adult. Human capital accumulation enables individuals to participate in human capital-intensive production, which produces output through sustainable production technology. As the main result of our theoretical analysis, we find that more educated individual is less dependent on the natural resource endowment for earning their income. We also find that sustainable consumption growth requires that individuals assign a certain positive weight to investment in their child’s education. A long-run steady-state equilibrium level of human capital accumulation is higher and higher than the weight assigned by the parents to the child’s education. In this overlapping generation’s economy, sustainable consumption growth requires that individuals assign a certain weight or give some importance to human capital accumulation. This follows from the fact that the long-run steady-state value of the income earned by an individual depends positively on the expenditure on education.

The current financial crisis may be deeper and more far reaching than earlier ones except the Great Depression, but it fits into an all-too-common pattern of capitalist development experienced over the past 40 years. What can Marxian theory, with its focus on crisis formation and the internal contradictions of capital accumulation, teach us about the nature of capitalist crises, and what can the actual experience of the crisis teach us about Marxian theory? In what ways has the distinctive geographic unfolding of the crisis-all the way from subprime lending in specific locations to disruptions and spatial fixes in patterns of financial, commodity, capital, and labor flows-contributed either to the deepening of the crisis or to its partial resolution? How, finally, can adequate responses to the crisis tendencies of capitalism and the stresses of endless compound growth be articulated in these times?

Die aktuelle Auseinandersetzung mit Gelingensbedingungen von internationalen Berufsbildungskooperationen im Hinblick auf Berufsbildungstransfer zeigt, dass sukzessiv Problematiken und Herausforderungen thematisiert werden, die mit einer mangelnden Wirkung und fehlender Nachhaltigkeit der Kooperationsbemühungen einhergehen. Dabei ist die zunehmende Diskussion um die bedingenden, z.B. kulturellen Faktoren eines Berufsbildungssystems sowie deren mangelnde Integrationsfähigkeit zu konstatieren. Verschiedene Berufsbildungssysteme können zwar theoretisch auf einer formalen Ebene Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen, die jeweiligen Ziele, Kontexte und Bedingungen jedoch stark divergieren. Berufsbildungssysteme werden durch den Verlauf ihrer historischen Entwicklung geprägt und durch den alltäglichen Lebenskontext sowie den Lebensbedingungen der Menschen geformt. Dies zu erfassen und in Relation zu potenziellen Kooperationsbemühungen sowie deren Erfolgsaussichten zu setzten, kann entscheidende Erkenntnisse über das Gelingen oder Misslingen internationaler Berufsbildungskooperationen ermöglichen.Aus diesem Grund widmet sich die Arbeit einer Systematisierung internationaler Berufsbildungsvergleiche, um kritisch-analytische Auseinandersetzungen der international-komparativen Berufsbildungsforschung zu fördern und um die Relevanz der kulturellen Faktoren bei internationalen (Berufs-) Bildungsvergleichen zu verdeutlichen. Das generierte Vergleichskonzept basiert dabei explizit auf dem Verstehen des \"Wesens\" eines (Berufs-) Berufsbildungssystems durch deskriptiv-hermeneutische Verfahren sowie der Integration kultureller, sozio-ökonomischer und geschichtlicher Bedingungen.

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Human capital is a key determinant of individual labor supply. Within the new human capital theory framework, this study examines how non-cognitive skills influence female labor supply from a gender perspective. Using 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data, we measure non-cognitive skills across five dimensions: conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, openness, and emotional stability. A structural equation model reveals that these skills enhance social capital accumulation, significantly increasing female labor supply. They are critical factors affecting women's labor force participation and working hours. Policy efforts should prioritize strengthening maternity security, fostering social capital networks, and developing children's non-cognitive skills to promote higher female labor supply Le capital humain constitue un déterminant essentiel de l'offre de travail individuelle. Dans le cadre de la nouvelle théorie du capital humain, cette étude analyse l'influence des compétences non cognitives sur l'offre de travail féminine, sous l'angle du genre. À partir des données de la China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) de 2018, nous mesurons les compétences non cognitives selon cinq dimensions : la conscience, l'extraversion, l'agréabilité, l'ouverture et la stabilité émotionnelle. Un modèle d'équations structurelles révèle que ces compétences favorisent l'accumulation de capital social, ce qui accroît de manière significative l'offre de travail des femmes. Elles constituent des facteurs déterminants de la participation féminine au marché du travail et du volume horaire travaillé. Les politiques publiques devraient accorder la priorité au renforcement de la protection de la maternité, au développement des réseaux de capital social et à la formation des compétences non cognitives des enfants afin de stimuler une offre de travail féminine plus élevée.

From 1995 to 2005, the average urban household saving rate in China rose by 7 percentage points, to ¼ of disposable income. We use household-level data to explain the postponing of consumption despite rapid income growth. Tracing cohorts over time indicates virtually no consumption smoothing over the life cycle. Saving rates have increased across all demographic groups, although the age-profile of savings has an unusual U-shaped pattern, with saving rates being the highest among the youngest and oldest households in recent years. These patterns are best explained by the rising private burden of expenditures on housing, education, and health care.

The Washington consensus which ushered in neo-liberal policies in Africa is over. It was buried at the G20 meeting in London in early April, 2009. The world capitalist system is in shambles. The champions of capitalism in the global North are rewriting the rules of the game to save it. The crisis creates an opening for the global South, in particular Africa, to refuse to play the capitalist-imperialist game, whatever the rules. It is time to rethink and revisit the development direction and strategies on the continent. This is the central message of this intensely argued book. Issa Shivji demonstrates the need to go back to the basics of radical political economy and ask fundamental questions: who produces the society's surplus product, who appropriates and accumulates it and how is this done. What is the character of accumulation and what is the social agency of change? The book provides an alternative theoretical framework to help African researchers and intellectuals to understand their societies better and contribute towards changing them in the interest of the working people.

Fifty years after Oscar Lewis's famous depiction of five Mexican families caught in a \"culture of poverty,\" Caroline Moser tells a very different story of five neighborhood women and their families strategically accumulating assets to escape poverty in the Ecuadoran city of Guayaquil. InOrdinary Families, Extraordinary Lives, Moser shows how a more sophisticated understanding of the complexities of asset accumulation as well as poverty itself can help counter inaccurate stereotypes about global poverty. It provides invaluable insight into strategies that may help people in developing countries improve their wellbeing. The similar socioeconomic characteristics and economic circumstances of the Guayaquil families in 1978, when Moser began her research, set the stage for a natural experiment. By 2004, these circumstances varied widely. Moser captures the causes and consequences of these developments through economic data, anthropological narrative, and personal photos. She then places this compelling story within the broader context of political, economic, and spatial changes in Guayaquil and Ecuador. Moser describes how households in a Third World urban slum relentlessly and systematically fought to accumulate human, social, and financial capital assets. Her longitudinal account of their odyssey captures long-term trends and changes in perception that are missed in snapshot assessments. Chapters in this holistic story cover diverse issues such as housing and infrastructure, community mobilization and political negotiation, employment, family dynamics, violence, and emigration.

Data on women's ownership of assets are sparse, with no comparable data on individual-level asset ownership. This limits understanding on intra-household dynamics of asset ownership, rights, and preferences from a gender perspective. Amid increasing demand for systematically collected sex-disaggregated statistics on asset ownership and control, the absence of standard guidelines and methods has constrained the collection and production of basic data. To fill this methodological gap, ADB, in collaboration with development partners, supports the efforts initiated under the global initiative Evidence and Data for Gender Equality, which aims to standardize methods of data collection for comparable sex-disaggregated data and advocate for mainstreaming gender statistics on entrepreneurship and asset ownership. Documenting pilot surveys from three countries, this report outlines the importance of sex-disaggregated data on asset ownership and entrepreneurship and describes the intricacies and methodological challenges of producing these data through household surveys.