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The advent of long-term implants has increased the urgent need for self-powered biomedical devices. Utilize enzymes to expedite the process of biofuel oxidation. These systems frequently make use of glucose oxidase. A possible solution involves glucose biofuel cells powered by the glucose found in physiological fluids. Biocompatible substances like carbon electrode designs help to transport electrons from the biological reactions to the external circuit as efficiently as possible while maximizing surface area. Despite advances in implantable electrodes, developing miniaturized and flexible electrodes remains challenging. In this work, a metal-coated flexible carbon thread and foam bioelectrode are fabricated and successfully implanted inside a living and freely moving rat. These electrodes are prepared using gold nanostructures as electron enhancers, a negatively charged conducting polymer, a biocompatible redox mediator, and enzymes as biocatalysts. The carbon foam-based enzymatic biofuel cell produces in vitro and in vivo settings, generates a power density of 165 µW/cm 2 and 285 µW/cm 2 , and the carbon thread-based fuel cell produces a power density of 98 µW/cm 2 and 180 µW/cm 2 in vitro and in vivo environments, respectively. This work paves the way for the possible use of inexpensive electrodes for subdermal implantable microsystems.

Highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dot (NCD) threads were synthesized via simple pyrolysis of citric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and ammonia. The NCDs show excitation-independent behavior with maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 350 nm and 435 nm, respectively. The developed probe was used as a turn-off fluorescent sensor for the selective and sensitive determination of permanganate ions in aqueous media. The probe’s hydrogel hybrid displayed a beautiful purple color demonstrating its potential as a naked eye sensor for gold detection. The ratiometric sensor exhibited excellent selectivity towards permanganate ions over 27 other ions with a linear range of 510 nM to 2 μM, a detection limit of 170 nM, and a linear regression value (R2) of 0.9944. Similarly, the linear range and limit of detection for gold ions was 3.89–20 μM and 1.285 μM, respectively. The synthesized NCDs were also used as a fluorescent ink as well as a naked eye marker in association with a gold solution demonstrating its potential forensic and anti-counterfeiting applications.

This study is aimed at a understanding of the thermal field peculiarities of various carbon threads. We perform experimental studies of various types of carbon threads under various levels of stresses applied to them. To investigate the thermal fields obtained, we engaged the theory of fractals to estimate the degree of thermal field ordering. We find that the carbon thread in a skin has better thermal field ordering characteristics; however, in that case, the maximal thermal field temperature decreases. The mean square deviation of the temperature distribution density in the field is also lower than that for a similar thread without the skin: that is, the thermal field uniformity is higher. These research results might be used to create various products based on carbon threads.

In this paper, the reasons affecting variations in nonuniformity of thermal fields in heating units based on carbon threads used in woven heaters are analyzed. One of them includes involving a large number of elastic filaments into the formation of the electric resistance and side-surface area of heating units. The novelty of the study of the thermal properties of a carbon thread consists in the use of fractal methods to analyze the thermal field induced by the carbon thread. In this paper, experimental data on the multifractal spectra of the thermal fields are presented. The results of these studies can be used in testing and enhancement of the efficiency of woven heaters.

— In this article, the reasons affecting the electrical parameters of heating units based on carbon threads used in woven heaters were analyzed. One of the reasons is electric contacts between the filaments formed in a random manner. The representation of a structure having an effect on the electrical resistance of a carbon thread in the context of a fractal conception is new. The results can be used in development engineering and improvement of manufacturing technology with the aim of enhancement of electrical performance of woven heaters.

A method for affecting an object by a thermal signal representing a broadband signal of the THz range. The signal is generated by heat generating elements inherent in woven electric heaters based on carbon filaments. The effect of woven electric heaters has been exerted on separate parts of the object with the use of the contact method. In addition, with the use of the THz-range signal, quantitative information depending on time has been obtained concerning the galvanic skin response, etc., with the use of a noninvasive technique. This paper is of interest for specialists engaged in the field of thermal physics, materials science, physiology, medicine, etc.

We propose a new type of flexible transistor based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite thread (CNTCT), i.e., a thread transistor, with ionic gel. In our previous study, we demonstrated that transistor operation was possible by combining metallic and semiconducting CNTCTs as gate and channel with an insulating material. However, its performance was not sufficient. Therefore, we here aim to improve it. For this, we tried to apply ionic gel as a dielectric layer to it. With this, the transistor was expected to be an electric-double-layer transistor. The transistor performance was improved, and the on/off ratio of the transistor increased by more than 4. This is a large value compared to our previous work. In addition, we not only evaluated the performance of the transistors, but also investigated whether they could be used as logic circuits. It was confirmed that the logic circuit composed of the thread transistor also operated correctly and stably for a long period of time. It was also confirmed that the output changed in response to weak external forces. These results indicate that it is a flexible transistor that can be used in a wide range of applications such as logic circuits and sensors.

Individual Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have a great mechanical strength that needs to be transferred into macroscopic fiber assemblies. One approach to improve the mechanical strength of the CNT assemblies is by creating covalent bonding among their individual CNT building blocks. Chemical cross-linking of multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) within the fiber has significantly improved the strength of MWCNT thread. Results reported in this work show that the cross-linked thread had a tensile strength six times greater than the strength of its control counterpart, a pristine MWCNT thread (1192 MPa and 194 MPa, respectively). Additionally, electrical conductivity changes were observed, revealing 2123.40 S·cm−1 for cross-linked thread, and 3984.26 S·cm−1 for pristine CNT thread. Characterization suggests that the obtained high tensile strength is due to the cross-linking reaction of amine groups from ethylenediamine plasma-functionalized CNT with the epoxy groups of the cross-linking agent, 4,4-methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline).

Purpose – Carbon nanotube (CNT) thread ' s piezoresisitive strain sensing properties of gauge factor, linearity, hysteresis, consistency, temperature stability, and bandwidth were evaluated. This evaluation was motivated by little information in literature combined with the need to understand these properties for commercial use. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The study here analyzes as-spun CNT thread built into unidirectional glass fiber composites and mounted onto aluminium beams with epoxy to evaluate strain sensing properties. The analyses utilize known sensor parameter definitions to quantify sensor performance. Findings – CNT thread can provide reliable and robust strain measurements for composite and metallic structures. The strain sensor performance meets or exceeds other strain sensors in performance. Research limitations/implications – CNT thread ' s piezoresistive effect is not well understood in terms of Poisson ' s ratio and nanotube contact. More research needs to be carried out to better understand this relationship and optimize the sensor thread. Practical implications – CNT thread can be utilized as a robust strain sensor for composite and metallic structures. It can also be built into composite materials for embedded strain and damage monitoring. By monitoring composite materials with the sensor thread, reliability will significantly increase. In turn, this will lower safety factors and revolutionize inspection methods for composite materials. Originality/value – This paper is the first to comprehensively evaluate key strain sensing properties of CNT thread. With all this strain sensor information in one spot, this should help expedite the use of this technology in other research and industry.

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) takes advantage of the recent advances in nanotechnology and sensing in order to monitor the behavior of a structure, assess its performance and identify damage at an early stage. Monitoring the state of strain throughout an entire structure is essential to determine its state of stress, detect potential residual stresses after fabrication, and also to help to establish its integrity. The Carbon nanotube thread was integrated into three-dimensional braiding materials and used for the first time as a sensor to monitor strain and also to detect damage in the three-dimensional braided composite material. In this paper a literature review about the application of carbon nanotubes thread for sensors and smart materials used for SHM of braiding structures is presented. The test data show the braided angle is important parameter for structural health monitoring of three-dimensional. The research will provide a new integrated and distributed technologies for the built-in carbon nanotube sensor to detect the health of composite. The subject will provide the new idea and method for the development of smart composite materials research and application.