Explore the vast range of titles available.

Serious flaws in the scientific evaluation in the RAR incorrectly characterise the potential for a carcinogenic hazard from exposure to glyphosate. Since the RAR is the basis for the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) conclusion, 4 it is critical that these shortcomings are corrected. [...]the WG also saw a significant increase in the incidence of pancreatic islet cell adenomas in two studies in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 14-16 In one of these rat studies, thyroid gland adenomas in females and liver adenomas in males were also increased.

The present work aimed to assess the heavy metals environmental impact and determine the consequent human health risks in the highly anthropized and rapidly expanding area of Al-Khafji in Arabian Gulf. Specifically, the study evaluated the health risks in adults and children caused by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals through skin contact pathway. The pollution indices, including the Soil Pollution Index (SPI), Contamination Degree (CD), and Pollution Load Index (PLI), were calculated for all collected sediments, indicating low or locally moderate contamination levels. The potential non-carcinogenic risk resulting from dermal exposure to single or multi-metal contamination was found to be within the acceptable safe limit for both adults and children. The highest levels of Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) were recorded for Fe (1.02E-05 for adults and 4.75E-05 for children), and the highest Hazardous Risk Index (HRI) was observed for As (1.48E03 for adults and 6.92E03 for children). Likewise, the Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) for adults and children associated with As and Cr indicated no current potential carcinogenic health risks, with the highest LCR levels being 6.87E-07 and 3.2E-06, respectively.

The release of toxic metals in the water creates an adverse condition for the living organisms (e.g., fish). The aim of this research was to learn more about the spatiotemporal variations and toxicity of heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, and Pb) among fish species that are economically important ( Tenualosa ilisha , Gudusia chapra , Otolithoides pama , Setipinna phasa , Mystus vittatus , Glossogobius giuris , Harpadon nehereus , Pseudapocryptes elongatus , Polynemus paradiseus , and Sillaginopsis panijus ) collected from Pasur River. Heavy metal (HMs) concentrations were evaluated using the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) technique. Most of the metals showed no significant variation spatiotemporally ( p ˃ 0.05) except As and Cr showed substantial variation in terms of seasons ( p ˂ 0.05). All fish species’ Cr and Pb concentrations, as well as As and Cd values, were estimated to be greater than FAO/WHO tolerable concentrations, implying that these metals pose danger to humans. HM has a total hazard quotient (THQ) value in individual fish species reported to be greater than 1, whereas an individual metal, arsenic, exceeds the standard value (THQ > 1), causing a significant noncarcinogenic issue in the study region. The target hazard (TR) value for As and Pb exceeds the USEPA norm (10 −4 ) suggesting that long-term consumption of fish poses a chronic cancer risk to the people in the study field. According to the findings, the fish in the Pasur River are unfit for human consumption. The correlation matrix (CM) indicates that sources of metals are similar (e.g., industries, ships, agricultural inputs, etc.).

This study assessed the human health hazards and ecological risks of heavy metals from waste sites in residential vicinity. The heavy metals analyzed were Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Zn. A total of 40 soil samples were collected from waste sites in two residential estates located in the urban and suburb areas of Umuahia, Abia state. Results revealed a trend in concentrations of the heavy metals for both sites in the following order: Cu > Ni > Zn > Cr > Cd > Pb. The concentrations of heavy metals were higher in rural soils than in urban soil. The contamination factor (CF) indices for Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were less than 1 for both sites, signifying a low contamination scenario. The contamination factor for Cd (6 > CF) for both sites indicated a very high contamination status. The estimated degree of contamination (Cdeg) was less than the lower threshold of 8.0, denoting a low degree of contamination. Cd was the highest contributor to ecological risk with Er index value of 184.2 among measured heavy metals. The overall potential ecological risk index for urban and rural sites are 187.1 and 196.1 respectively, classifying the sites as moderate risk. The overall non-carcinogenic hazard index values (HI) for adults and children in urban and rural soils are 0.00248, 0.0198 and 0.0028, 0.0223 respectively, which are below the acceptable limit (HI < 1), indicating that the exposed residents are unlikely to experience any apparent adverse health hazards. However, children are more susceptible to non-carcinogenic hazards than adults in the study areas.

The present study attempts to assess the threat of water contamination in Persian Gulf by heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Se, and Ni) and its subsequent effects on five fish species including Scomberomorus guttatus ( S. guttatus ), Lethrinus nebulosus ( L. nebulosus ), Brachirus orientalis ( B. orientalis ), Pomadasys kaakan ( P. kaakan ), and Scomberomorus commerson ( S. commerson ). Water and fish samples from fourteen monitoring stations were obtained to determine the concentrations of contaminants in water and fish. Heavy metal pollution index (HMPI) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (NHQI) were employed to evaluate contamination level in water and fish muscle. The Kriging geostatistical method was employed to determine the spatial distribution of different heavy metals around petrochemical plants. The highest NHQI values for P. kaakan and B. orientalis species were 1.036 and 1.046, respectively. In both cases, the NHQI values were higher than the maximum allowable value of 1, indicating that both fish species were on the verge of contamination by heavy metals, which in turn makes the consumption of these fish highly hazardous to human health. The lowest NHQI value was observed in S. commerson species at a value of 0.394, indicating its harmlessness to human health. Overall, fish species living within the top 5 m of the water column ( S. commerson and S. guttatus ) were found to be less contaminated by heavy metals compared to species dwelling near the seafloor ( P. kaakan and B. orientalis ). Results also indicated the pollution absorption rate in S. commerson and S. guttatus were 0.45 and 3.4 mg/kg-year, while the corresponding values for the B. orientalis and L. nebulosus species were 6 and 2 mg/kg-year, respectively. P. kaakan species showed a pollution absorption rate of 3.2 mg/kg-year. High heavy metal concentrations of 4.8, 10, 9.8, 5.2, 9.4, and 6.7 mg/L were obtained for Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Cd, respectively, in water samples obtained from stations nearby petrochemical plants. The HMPI index for the most contaminated stations was ten times that of the maximum allowable limit. Given the intense activity of oil, gas, and petrochemical plants in the Persian Gulf, defining safe fishing areas by management practices similar to contamination zoning maps presented in this study can substantially protect the public health from heavy metal contamination.

The present work analyzed the concentration of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in sediment and the Hg concentration in fish muscle from two coastal lagoons in the states of Jalisco (Barra de Navidad Lagoon) and Colima (Cuyutlán Lagoon), Mexico. Both lagoons showed relatively low levels of metal contamination and potential health risk compared to other Mexican areas. A non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) was determined. As (10.7 ± 1.3 - 25.4 ± 3.1 μg g-1) and Pb (42.7 ± 4.2 - 123.9 ± 14.7 μg g-1) concentrations exceeded the permissible levels, otherwise for Hg and Cd were below the limits. The highest total mercury concentration was found in Haemulopsis sp. and Lutjanus sp. with 0.23 and 0.1 μg g-1 (wet weight) respectively, out of 14 species of fish analyzed that are frequently consumed locally. HQ based on the national daily per capita consumption of fish in Mexico and the consumption of fish associated with fishing communities in Mexico showed an HQs >2, which manifests the vulnerability of these communities to persistent toxic and bioaccumulative contaminants.

Mexico has a great variety of aquatic ecosystems; however, most of them present significant contamination levels. Despite the efforts to monitor toxic and bioaccumulative persistent pollutants, they are still insufficient and outdated data from Mexican coasts, especially in polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), due to the number of aquatic bodies that have received little or no attention. In this regard, the Mexican Pacific's coastal zones and their aquatic ecosystems monitoring PCBs and PAHs in biota is critical because it allows us to estimate the potential risk to human health. This work aimed to determine the total concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) and total polyaromatic hydrocarbons (ΣPAHs) in the muscle of fish collected in two coastal lagoons of the central Mexican Pacific and to determine the non-carcinogenic risk ratio (HQ) based on the monthly per capita consumption of national fish and the consumption of fish associated with fishing communities in Mexico. It was found that the potential risk for fishing communities is considerably higher and correlates to the rate of fish consumption, highlighting their vulnerability to these contaminants.

The Sn-W Panasqueira mine, in activity since the mid-1890s, is one of the most important economic deposits in the world. Arsenopyrite is the main mineral present as well as rejected waste sulphide. The long history is testified by the presence of a huge amount of tailings, which release considerable quantities of heavy metal(loid)s into the environment. This work assesses soil contamination and evaluates the ecological and human health risks due to exposure to hazardous materials. The metal assemblage identified in soil (Ag-As-Bi-Cd-Cu-W-Zn; potentially toxic elements (PTEs)) reflects the influence of the tailings, due to several agents including aerial dispersion. PTEs and pH display a positive correlation confirming that heavy metal mobility is directly related to pH and, therefore, affects their availability. The estimated contamination factor classified 92.6% of soil samples as moderately to ultra-highly polluted. The spatial distribution of the potential ecological risk index classified the topsoil as being of a very high ecological risk, consistent with wind direction. Non-carcinogenic hazard of topsoil, for children (1–6 years), showed that for As the non-carcinogenic hazard represents a high health risk. The carcinogenic risks, both for children and adult alike, reveal a very high cancer risk mostly due to As ingestion.

BackgroundThe residual chemical pollutants in drinking water may cause adverse effects on human health. Chemical compounds potentially affecting human health have been widely explored, while the multiphasic evaluation of chemical compounds by process control and human health risk is still rarely reported. In the present study, we used multiphasic criteria to assess the health risk including effluent concentration, accumulation index, purification index for the removal efficiency during the drinking water treatment processes, carcinogen classification based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer standards, non-carcinogenic health hazards and carcinogenic risk.ResultsAmong the monitored chemicals, 47 and 44 chemical compounds were detected in raw water and treated water, respectively. The generation and removal of chemical compounds implied that the migration and transformation of chemicals during the purification processes affected the effluent concentration, posing a direct potential health risk. Of these compounds, 41 contaminants’ profiles were screened as priority chemical compounds (PCCs).ConclusionsThe top eight PCCs with high carcinogenic risk were highlighted. Some effective steps, such as protecting the raw water sources, improving the removal performance and reducing the disinfection by-products during the purification process by introducing advanced treatment technologies, were suggested to maintain drinking water security. Collectively, our findings provided novel scientific supports for the sustainable management of drinking water to promote human health.

This chapter contains section titled: Introduction Studies of production workers Construction workers Conclusion