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Amazing cardboard tube science
\"Details how to use cardboard tubes in projects that demonstrate scientific principles\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Geometry Simplification Methods for Virtual Reality Applications
Virtual Reality (VR) applications play an important role in HEP Outreach & Education. They enable the organization of virtual tours of the experimental infrastructure by allowing users to interact virtually with detector facilities and describe their purpose and functionalities. However, nowadays, VR applications require expensive hardware, like the Oculus headset or the MS HoloLens, and powerful computers. As a result, this reduces the reach of VR application implementation and makes their benefits questionable. An important improvement to VR development is thus to facilitate the usage of inexpensive hardware, like Google cardboard and phones with average computational power. Requirements to use inexpensive hardware and achieve quality and performance close to the advanced hardware bring challenges to VR application developers. One of these challenges concerns the geometry of the 3D VR scenes. Geometry defines the quality of the 3D scenes and at the same time, causes big loads on the GPU. Therefore, development methods of the geometry make it possible to find a good balance between the quality and performance of the VR applications. This paper describes methods for simplifying the “as-built” geometry of the ATLAS detector, ways to reduce the number of facets to meet GPU performance limitations, and ensure smooth movement in VR scenes.
Journal Article
AHP–TOPSIS integration extended with Pythagorean fuzzy sets for information security risk analysis
Risk analysis (RA) contains several methodologies that object to ensure the protection and safety of occupational stakeholders. Multi attribute decision-making (MADM) is one of the most important RA methodologies that is applied to several areas from manufacturing to information technology. With the widespread use of computer networks and the Internet, information security has become very important. Information security is vital as institutions are mostly dependent on information, technology, and systems. This requires a comprehensive and effective implementation of information security RA. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) are commonly used MADM methods and recently used for RA. In this study, a new RA methodology is proposed based on AHP–TOPSIS integration extended with Pythagorean fuzzy sets. AHP strengthened by interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy numbers is used to weigh risk parameters with expert judgment. Then, TOPSIS with Pythagorean fuzzy numbers is used to prioritize previously identified risks. A comparison of the proposed approach with three approaches (classical RA method, Pythagorean fuzzy VIKOR and Pythagorean fuzzy MOORA) is also provided. To illustrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed approach, a case study for information security RA in corrugated cardboard sector is executed.
Journal Article
How many lives does Schrödinger's cat have?
Schr\"odinger's cat is an iconic example for the problem of the transition from the microscopic quantum world to the macroscopic, classical one. It opened many interesting questions such as, could a macroscopic superposition like a dead and alive cat ever exist? What would be the characteristic features of such a system? The field of macroscopicity aims at providing answers to those questions, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view. Here, we present the main concepts in macroscopicity, including macroscopicity measures, experimental realizations and the link to metrology, from a pedagogical perspective. We provide visualizations and intuitive explanations, together with a hands-on activity where students can create their own macroscopic quantum cats from cardboard cells that are in a superposition of being dead and alive.
Paper
Employing Elements of Virtual Reality to Enhance Social Skills Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Quasi Experimental Study
Children with ADHD fail to establish good relationships with others and practice undesirable behaviors that disturb those around them. Additionally, this disorder may create difficulties in social performance and adaptation to different life contexts. Nonetheless, in light of recent technological advancements, traditional education programs no longer cover deficiencies resulting from this disorder. It is also no longer attractive among children with ADHD. Therefore, in this research study, the researchers designed four Google Cardboard Virtual Reality (VR) applications that were developed with several domain experts' supervision to enhance four social skills (greeting back, waiting for a turn during an ordering, not interrupting others while talking, and cooperating) among children with ADHD which had the potential to help them integrate smoothly into society. A quasi-experimental study was conducted for one group in the Developmental and Behavioral Disorders Clinics and Centers in Maternity and Children's Hospital in Najran Region, Saudi Arabia. The results were promising and showed an improvement in the social skills of the participants with mild or moderate ADHD symptoms. In contrast, there was no improvement in social skills in participants with severe ADHD symptoms.
Journal Article
Numerical Homogenization of Multi-Layered Corrugated Cardboard with Creasing or Perforation
The corrugated board packaging industry is increasingly using advanced numerical tools to design and estimate the load capacity of its products. This is why numerical analyses are becoming a common standard in this branch of manufacturing. Such trends cause either the use of advanced computational models that take into account the full 3D geometry of the flat and wavy layers of corrugated board, or the use of homogenization techniques to simplify the numerical model. The article presents theoretical considerations that extend the numerical homogenization technique already presented in our previous work. The proposed here homogenization procedure also takes into account the creasing and/or perforation of corrugated board (i.e., processes that undoubtedly weaken the stiffness and strength of the corrugated board locally). However, it is not always easy to estimate how exactly these processes affect the bending or torsional stiffness. What is known for sure is that the degradation of stiffness depends, among other things, on the type of cut, its shape, the depth of creasing as well as their position or direction in relation to the corrugation direction. The method proposed here can be successfully applied to model smeared degradation in a finite element or to define degraded interface stiffnesses on a crease line or a perforation line.
Journal Article
Non-Local Sensitivity Analysis and Numerical Homogenization in Optimal Design of Single-Wall Corrugated Board Packaging
The optimal selection of the composition of corrugated cardboard dedicated to specific packaging structures is not an easy task. The use of lighter boards saves material, but at the same time increases the risk of not meeting the guaranteed load capacity. Therefore, the answer to the question “in which layer the basis weight of the paper should be increased?” is not simple or obvious. The method proposed here makes it easy to understand which components and to what extent they affect the load-bearing capacity of packages of various dimensions. The use of numerical homogenization allows for a quick transformation of a cardboard sample, i.e., a representative volume element (RVE) into a flat plate structure with effective parameters describing the membrane and bending stiffness. On the other hand, the use of non-local sensitivity analysis makes it possible to find the relationship between the parameters of the paper and the load capacity of the packaging. The analytical procedures presented in our previous studies were used here to determine (1) the edge crush resistance, (2) critical load, and (3) the load capacity of corrugated cardboard packaging. The method proposed here allows for obtaining a comprehensive and hierarchical list of the parameters that play the most important role in the process of optimal packaging design.
Journal Article
Optimization of the solid cardboard in carton design
The present research aimed to increase the accuracy of predicting the maximum force required to compress a solid cardboard box. Changes in the technology of solid cardboard production and the design of packaging help to increase the durability of packaging; however, typical estimation methods do not take these changes into account. By determining the number of important parameters of the box and using a specific approach, it was possible to develop a semiempirical model of the maximum force that compresses the box and simplifies its description. By using this model, the amount of solid board required for a specific package can be reduced without reducing the life of the box. The maximum force prediction method is also suitable for creating other box models at different moisture levels.
Journal Article
Optimal Design of Double-Walled Corrugated Board Packaging
Designing corrugated board packaging is a real challenge, especially when the packaging material comes from multiple recycling. Recycling itself is a pro-ecological and absolutely necessary process, but the mechanical properties of materials that are processed many times deteriorate with the number of cycles. Manufacturers are trying to use unprecedented design methods to preserve the load-bearing capacity of packaging, even when the material itself is of deteriorating quality. An additional obstacle in the process of designing the structure of paper packaging is the progressive systematic reduction of the grammage (the so-called lightweight process) of corrugated cardboard. Therefore, this research presents a critical look at the process of optimal selection of corrugated cardboard for packaging structures, depending on the paper used. The study utilizes analytical, simplified formulas to estimate the strength of cardboard itself as well as the strength of packaging, which are then analyzed to determine their sensitivity to changes in cardboard components, such as the types of paper of individual layers. In the performed sensitivity analysis, numerical homogenization was used, and the influence of initial imperfections on the packaging mechanics was determined. The paper presents a simple algorithm for the optimal selection of the composition of corrugated cardboard depending on the material used and the geometry of the packaging, which allows for a more conscious production of corrugated cardboard from materials derived, e.g., from multiple recycling.
Journal Article