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To compare the effect of Nanohydroxy apatite (NHA), Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), CPP-ACP with fluoride (CPP-ACPF), versus fluoride gel on remineralization and color improvement of white spot lesions (WSLs) after clinical application followed by home treatment. Thirty-two children from 10 to 14 years with 100 teeth were participated in this study. Affected teeth were randomly allocated into five groups ( n  = 20); group I: NHA, group II: CPP-ACP, group III: CPP-ACP + F, group: IV: Fluoride gel and group V: no treatment. After application for five minutes, remineralization was assessed via diagnodent while Vita easy shade was used for color assessment before and after treatment. In- office procedures were repeated after one week and one month, while continuous home application was followed. Remineralization and color assessment were repeated at each interval. The remineralization ability and color change showed a significant difference between the examined groups at different intervals with p value < 0.001. Where group I had the significantly highest remineralization ability at different periods. While the color difference was significant in group III followed by group I after immediate application. However, at one-month group III had the most significant color change in all groups. NHA could be a potent remineralizing agent while improving the color of WSLs. CPP-ACP + F had a superior masking and sustainable effect of the WSLs. Combined in office followed by continuous home application of different remineralizing agents could mask the WSLs which satisfy the patients’ needs. Trial registration: This study was initially registered on https://ClinicalTrials.gov on 12/02/2025 as first posted date, with ID: NCT06821724 - https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06821724 .

The use of alternative interventions, such as gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diets, is frequent due to limited therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Our aims were to determine the influence of a GFCF diet on behavior disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD and the potential association with urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations. Thirty-seven patients were recruited for this crossover trial. Each patient consumed a normal diet (including gluten and casein) for 6 months and a GFCF diet for another 6 months. The order of the intervention (beginning with normal diet or with GFCF diet) was assigned randomly. Patients were evaluated at three time-points (at the beginning of the study, after normal diet and after GFCF diet). Questionnaires regarding behavior and autism and dietary adherence were completed and urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations were determined at each time-point. No significant behavioral changes and no association with urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations were found after GFCF diet. A 6-month GFCF diet do not induce significant changes in behavioral symptoms of autism and urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations. Further studies with a long follow-up period similar to ours and including placebo and blinding elements are needed to identify better those respondents to GFCF diets.

Background: The rate at which amino acids (AAs) are absorbed from casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) when given as a protein substitute in phenylketonuria (PKU) is unknown. This three-way randomised, controlled, crossover study aimed to compare the AA absorption profile of phenylalanine (Phe)-free L-amino acids (L-AAs), low-Phe CGMP (CGMP) and casein in healthy adult subjects. Methods: Area under the curve (AUC) was measured over 240 minutes after ingesting one dose of each protein source on three separate occasions, under the same test conditions. A total of 0.4 g/kg protein equivalent of each test product (L-AA, CGMP and casein) was given. Fasted blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 minutes post-test. Insulin, blood urea nitrogen, glucose and total (TAAs), essential (EAAs), large neutral (LNAAs) and branch chain (BCAAs) amino acids were measured at each time point. Results: A total of 20 subjects (11 females), median age 43 y (range 23–49), with a median BMI 24.2 (20–30.5) were recruited. AUC was compared across groups. Statistically significant differences were noted for: AUC for TAAs and BCAAs between CGMP and L-AAs vs. casein [TAAs p = 0.008 and p = 0.03; BCAAs p = <0.001 and p = 0.002]. There were no AUC differences between L-AAs and CGMP. AUC was largest for L-AAs, then CGMP and finally casein. For LNAAs, EAAs, insulin, glucose and urea, there were no statistically significant differences. There was a consistent delivery of AAs for casein demonstrated by a sustained curve, but the absorption curves for L-AAs and CGMP were transient, rising rapidly and falling, with the exception of tyrosine with CGMP which showed a gradual increase over 240 minutes in contrast to L-AAs and casein. Conclusions: Amino acids from CGMP and L-AAs were absorbed more rapidly than casein, inferring CGMP did not mimic casein, a slow-release protein source. The tyrosine concentration curve for CGMP suggests a beneficial effect on the Phe: tyrosine ratio. Kinetic labelled studies will help bring greater understanding on the utilisation of AAs particularly important for protein synthesis.

In the realm of sports science, nutrition is a well-established pillar for athletes' training, performance, and post-workout recovery. However, the role of gut microbiota, often overlooked, is a novel and intriguing aspect that can significantly impact athletic performance. With this in mind, our study ventures into uncharted territory, investigating the effect of probiotic and casein supplementation on the aerobic capacity of male soccer players. A double-blinded and placebo-controlled study was conducted with 44 male soccer players (Age: 22.81 ± 2.76 yr, Height: 177.90 ± 6.75 cm, Weight: 67.42 ± 8.44 kg). The participants were subjected to the Bruce test in the beginning; then, they were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 11 people: probiotics (PRO), casein (CAS), probiotics with casein (PRO+CAS), and placebo (PLA). PRO group was given one probiotic capsule (containing strains of BP06, Lacticaseibacillus casei BP07, BA05, BD08 , BI04, BL03, BB02 and BT01, with a total dose of 4.5 × 10 CFU) during dinner, while the CAS group consumed 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The PRO+CAS group was given one probiotic capsule during dinner and 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The participants in the PLA group were given one red capsule (containing 5 grams of starch) during dinner. All participants were instructed to take the supplements only on training days, three times a week for four weeks. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO ), Ventilatory Threshold (VT), Time-to-exhaustion (TTE), Respiratory Compensation Point (RCP), Isocapnic area Time (Time-IC), Isocapnic area oxygen consumption (VO -IC), and Hypocapnic Hyperventilation area Time (Time-HHV), after the Bruce test were Measured. All data were analyzed using SPSS Windows software, mixed repeated measure ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test at  < 0.05 level. The current study's findings illustrated that, after the intervention, TTE (  = 0.01) and RCP (  = 0.01) were significantly improved in PRO+CAS compared to the PLA group. No significant difference was observed between PRO and PLA (  = 0.52), PRO and CAS (  = 0.999), PRO and PRO+CAS (  = 0.9), CAS and PLA (  = 0.65), CAS and PRO+CAS (  = 0.73) in TTE. In addition, no significant difference was observed between PRO and CAS (  = 0.999), PRO and PLA (  = 0.40), PRO and PRO+CAS (  = 0.999), CAS and PLA (  = 0.263), CAS and PRO+CAS (  = 0.999) in RCP. Time-HHV was significantly higher in PRO+CAS (  = 0.000) and CAS (  = 0.047) compared to the PLA group. However, no significant difference was observed in the Time-HHV between PRO and CAS (  = 0.999), PRO and PRO+CAS (  = 0.25), PRO and PLA (  = 0.12), and CAS and PRO+CAS (  = 0.57). Additionally, all the groups had no significant differences in VO , VT1, VO -IC and Time-IC. The findings showed that consuming probiotics and casein could relatively improve the aerobic capacity of male soccer players. Nevertheless, simultaneous consumption of probiotics and casein had a more pronounced effect on aerobic capacity indicators, especially TTE and Time-HHV.

This study assessed the efficacy of 60% CPP-ACP to remineralise white spot lesions (WSLs) in enamel and to occlude patent dentinal tubules in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over, in situ study. Human enamel specimens with subsurface lesions (WSLs) and root dentine specimens with open dentinal tubules were prepared and inserted into intra-oral appliances worn by volunteers. Participants wore the appliances 24 h a day for four 14-consecutive day treatment periods with a 7-day washout period between treatments. Four treatments applied with a micro-brush once daily were 60% CPP-ACP with and without 1100ppm F as SnF 2 , 1100ppm F as SnF 2 alone and a placebo as negative control. Mineral content was measured using transverse microradiography and dentine tubules were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA with a Sidak adjustment for multiple comparisons. Once daily application of 60% CPP-ACP with or without SnF 2 produced 36.6 ± 1.6% and 28.8 ± 1.5% remineralisation of the WSLs respectively, and both were significantly higher ( p  < 0.0001) than that for treatment by SnF 2 alone (8.8 ± 0.7%) or placebo control (2.3 ± 0.4%). SEM analysis of the dentine samples showed that daily application of 60% CPP-ACP with or without SnF 2 produced near complete dentinal tubule occlusion.

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) slows the progression of caries and remineralizes enamel subsurface lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of CPP-ACP to increase the incorporation of fluoride into plaque and to promote enamel remineralization in situ. Randomized, double-blind, cross-over studies involved mouthrinses and dentifrices containing CPP-ACP and fluoride. The mouthrinses were used for 60 sec, three times/day for 5 days, and supragingival plaque was collected and analyzed for F. The dentifrices were rinsed as a water slurry for 60 sec four times/day for 14 days in an in situ model. The addition of 2% CPP-ACP to the 450-ppm-F mouthrinse significantly increased the incorporation of fluoride into plaque. The dentifrice containing 2% CPP-ACP produced a level of remineralization similar to that achieved with a dentifrice containing 2800 ppm F. The dentifrice containing 2% CPP-ACP plus 1100 ppm F was superior to all other formulations.

To obtain information on the safety and efficacy of the gluten-free/casein-free (GFCF) diet, we placed 14 children with autism, age 3–5 years, on the diet for 4–6 weeks and then conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge study for 12 weeks while continuing the diet, with a 12-week follow-up. Dietary challenges were delivered via weekly snacks that contained gluten, casein, gluten and casein, or placebo. With nutritional counseling, the diet was safe and well-tolerated. However, dietary challenges did not have statistically significant effects on measures of physiologic functioning, behavior problems, or autism symptoms. Although these findings must be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size, the study does not provide evidence to support general use of the GFCF diet.

Probiotics comprise various strains that offer numerous health benefits. Researchers have recently focused on the relationship between probiotic consumption and improved gut microbiota function, enhanced digestion, increased nutrient absorption, and enhanced sports performance. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of pre-sleep casein intake, coupled with probiotic strains, on soccer players' anaerobic power, lower-body-specific strength, and power performance. A randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study was conducted with forty-four male soccer players (Age: 22.81 ± 2.76 years, Height: 177.90 ± 6.75 cm, Weight: 67.42 ± 8.44 kg). The participants underwent the isokinetic strength, Wall-squat, and running-based anaerobic sprint (RAST) tests initially; then, they were randomly divided into four groups: probiotics (PRO), casein (CAS), probiotics with casein (PRO+CAS), and placebo (PLA). The PRO groups were given one probiotic capsule (containing eight bacterial strains: BP06, BP07, BA05, BD08, Bifidobacterium infantis BI04, BL03, BB02, and BT01, with a total dose of 4.5 × 10 CFU) during dinner, while the CAS groups consumed 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The PRO+CAS group was given one probiotic capsule during dinner and 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The participants in the PLA group were given one red capsule (containing 5 grams of starch) during dinner. All participants were instructed to take the supplements only on training days, three times a week for four weeks. Additionally, isokinetic strength parameters, including absolute peak torque (APT) and average rate of force development (AvRFD), were measured for the knee extensors (ext) and flexors (flx) muscles (concentric phase at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s, using the dominant leg). One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or Quade tests with a significance level of  < 0.05 was used to analyze the collected data. The current study's findings indicated that APT-180°/s (ext) significantly increased in CAS (  = 0.008) and PRO+CAS (  = 0.003) compared to PLA. Additionally, the AvRFD-180°/s (ext) increased significantly in the PRO compared to the PLA (  = 0.007). Also, the AvRFD-60°/s (flx) increased significantly in the PRO+CAS group compared to the PLA (  = 0.014), CAS (  = 0.001), and PRO (  = 0.007). Furthermore, the AvRFD-180°/s (flx) increased significantly in the PRO+CAS compared to the CAS (  = 0.010). Moreover, the RAST average power increased dramatically in PRO+CAS compared to PLA (  = 0.003) and CAS (  = 0.02). Additionally, the Wall-squat test demonstrated a significant increase in PRO+CAS compared to PLA (  = 0.001) and PRO (  = 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the APT-60°/s (ext&flx), APT-180°/s (flx), and AvRFD-60°/s (ext) between groups ( > 0.05). The simultaneous consumption of casein and probiotics significantly improved anaerobic power, isokinetic strength, and lower-body muscular endurance in male soccer players. These enhancements were more pronounced than those observed with casein or probiotics alone, as supported by statistical significance and effect sizes. The findings suggest a synergistic benefit of combined supplementation for athletic performance.

Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of over 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of over 90 mmHg. Hypertension is widely known to be a factor affecting human health, so its prevention is considered important. We investigated the effect of casein-derived tripeptide Met-Lys-Pro (MKP) on blood pressure in a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Participants were healthy adults with SBP between 120 and 139 mmHg, and/or DBP between 80 and 89 mmHg. A total of 121 participants were randomly assigned to the MKP group or placebo group. Participants received either a test powder containing 100 μg of MKP or a placebo powder without MKP for 12 weeks. As a result, SBP and DBP were significantly lower in the MKP group than in the placebo group. No adverse events associated with the MKP intake were observed. This study showed that MKP has a beneficial effect on lowering blood pressure in healthy adults with high-normal and elevated blood pressure and can be safely used for continuous intake.

Cow milk contains essential nutrients, with β-casein existing in A1 and A2 forms. Studies suggest that A2 milk (containing only A2 β-casein) may offer gastrointestinal (GI) benefits compared to A1/A2 milk (containing both forms). This study investigated the effects of A2 milk consumption on the gut microbiota of South Korean cohort experiencing GI discomfort after consuming A1/A2 milk. Thirty-five participants with GI discomfort after milk consumption were included. Stool DNA was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing before and after consuming either A1/A2 or A2 milk. Beta diversity analysis using the generalized UniFrac distance method revealed a significant shift in gut microbiota composition after A2 milk consumption ( p  = 0.04), but no significant change after consuming A1/A2 milk. Significant differences in gut microbiota composition were found between A1/A2 and A2 milk drinkers after milk consumption ( p  = 0.031). Alpha diversity indices remained unchanged. Notable increases in beneficial microbes, including Bifidobacterium and Blautia , were observed after A2 milk intake. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis identified significant enrichment of Actinobacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium longum and Blautia wexlerae , in the A2 group. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis highlighted enriched transport systems related to energy, peptides, sugars, and raffinose family oligosaccharides in the A2 group. Spearman correlation showed significant associations between Bifidobacterium , Blautia , and enhanced transport systems exclusively in the A2 group. Two weeks of A2 milk consumption led to significant alterations in gut microbiota, promoting beneficial microbes and related functions. A2 milk could be a suitable alternative for subjects who experience milk-intake-related GI discomfort.